Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture
The aquaculture sector is essential for meeting seafood demand while ensuring sustainability. It involves farming fish, mollusks, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and algae in controlled environments, helping to conserve marine resources and reduce ecological pressures. Sustainable practices, such...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Flaminia Cesara Marincola Chiara Palmas Miguel A. Lastres Couto Isabel Paz Javier Cremades José Pintado Leonardo Bruni Gianfranco Picone |
| author_facet | Flaminia Cesara Marincola Chiara Palmas Miguel A. Lastres Couto Isabel Paz Javier Cremades José Pintado Leonardo Bruni Gianfranco Picone |
| author_sort | Flaminia Cesara Marincola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aquaculture sector is essential for meeting seafood demand while ensuring sustainability. It involves farming fish, mollusks, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and algae in controlled environments, helping to conserve marine resources and reduce ecological pressures. Sustainable practices, such as an integrated multitrophic recirculating aquaculture system (IMTA-RAS) with fish and seaweed, can minimize the environmental impact of fish aquaculture. However, the impact of the introduction of macroalgae on the fish muscle metabolism has not been studied. This research examines the impact of growing Senegalese sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) together with sea lettuce (<i>Ulva ohnoi</i>) on fish metabolism using high-resolution <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-based metabolomics. Three farming systems were compared. These were E<sub>1</sub>, a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS); E<sub>2</sub>, an IMTA-RAS integrating <i>U. ohnoi</i> for biofiltration; and E<sub>3</sub>, an IMTA-RAS with <i>U. ohnoi</i> and <i>Phaeobacter</i> sp. strain 4UAC3, a probiotic bacterium isolated from wild <i>U. australis</i> known to counteract fish pathogens. A metabolomic analysis revealed that energy metabolism was enhanced in IMTA-RAS and even more in IMTA-RAS-<i>Phaeobacter</i>–grown fish, increasing overall metabolic activity. These results indicate that the presence of the algae with the probiotic had a clear impact on the physiological state of the fish, and this deserves further investigation. This study contributes to the understanding of the physiological responses of fish to innovative aquaculture practices, supporting the development of more sustainable and efficient management that reduces the environmental impact and increases fish health and welfare. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-a30b23304c0f446ca41fba014bfa66892025-08-20T02:21:06ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-06-013012251810.3390/molecules30122518Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS AquacultureFlaminia Cesara Marincola0Chiara Palmas1Miguel A. Lastres Couto2Isabel Paz3Javier Cremades4José Pintado5Leonardo Bruni6Gianfranco Picone7Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyInstituto Galego de Formación en Acuicultura (IGAFA), Xunta de Galicia, 36626 Illa de Arousa, SpainInstituto Galego de Formación en Acuicultura (IGAFA), Xunta de Galicia, 36626 Illa de Arousa, SpainBiología Costera (BioCost), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, SpainInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas—Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas—Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainDepartment of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, ItalyThe aquaculture sector is essential for meeting seafood demand while ensuring sustainability. It involves farming fish, mollusks, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and algae in controlled environments, helping to conserve marine resources and reduce ecological pressures. Sustainable practices, such as an integrated multitrophic recirculating aquaculture system (IMTA-RAS) with fish and seaweed, can minimize the environmental impact of fish aquaculture. However, the impact of the introduction of macroalgae on the fish muscle metabolism has not been studied. This research examines the impact of growing Senegalese sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) together with sea lettuce (<i>Ulva ohnoi</i>) on fish metabolism using high-resolution <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-based metabolomics. Three farming systems were compared. These were E<sub>1</sub>, a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS); E<sub>2</sub>, an IMTA-RAS integrating <i>U. ohnoi</i> for biofiltration; and E<sub>3</sub>, an IMTA-RAS with <i>U. ohnoi</i> and <i>Phaeobacter</i> sp. strain 4UAC3, a probiotic bacterium isolated from wild <i>U. australis</i> known to counteract fish pathogens. A metabolomic analysis revealed that energy metabolism was enhanced in IMTA-RAS and even more in IMTA-RAS-<i>Phaeobacter</i>–grown fish, increasing overall metabolic activity. These results indicate that the presence of the algae with the probiotic had a clear impact on the physiological state of the fish, and this deserves further investigation. This study contributes to the understanding of the physiological responses of fish to innovative aquaculture practices, supporting the development of more sustainable and efficient management that reduces the environmental impact and increases fish health and welfare.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/12/2518recirculating aquaculture systemintegrated multi-trophic aquaculturesustainabilityNMR-based metabolomicsprobiotics<i>Ulva ohnoi</i> |
| spellingShingle | Flaminia Cesara Marincola Chiara Palmas Miguel A. Lastres Couto Isabel Paz Javier Cremades José Pintado Leonardo Bruni Gianfranco Picone Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture Molecules recirculating aquaculture system integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sustainability NMR-based metabolomics probiotics <i>Ulva ohnoi</i> |
| title | Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture |
| title_full | Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture |
| title_fullStr | Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture |
| title_short | Metabolic Profile of Senegalese Sole (<i>Solea senegalensis</i>) Muscle: Effect of Fish–Macroalgae IMTA-RAS Aquaculture |
| title_sort | metabolic profile of senegalese sole i solea senegalensis i muscle effect of fish macroalgae imta ras aquaculture |
| topic | recirculating aquaculture system integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sustainability NMR-based metabolomics probiotics <i>Ulva ohnoi</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/12/2518 |
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