A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response

Abstract Population distribution function is a particular area in sample surveys, and several researchers have worked to improve the accuracy of this study by using the auxiliary data. Recent studies estimate the population distribution function by applying stratified random sampling and non-respons...

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Main Authors: Sohail Ahmad, Hasnain Iftikhar, Moiz Qureshi, Ilyas Khan, Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer, Elías A. Torres Armas, Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98246-y
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author Sohail Ahmad
Hasnain Iftikhar
Moiz Qureshi
Ilyas Khan
Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer
Elías A. Torres Armas
Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
author_facet Sohail Ahmad
Hasnain Iftikhar
Moiz Qureshi
Ilyas Khan
Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer
Elías A. Torres Armas
Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
author_sort Sohail Ahmad
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Population distribution function is a particular area in sample surveys, and several researchers have worked to improve the accuracy of this study by using the auxiliary data. Recent studies estimate the population distribution function by applying stratified random sampling and non-response techniques, but there are some limitations in using the auxiliary data. However, we improve this study, which aims to maximize the accuracy of estimating the population distribution function under the combined effect of stratified random sampling and non-response groups. To achieve this goal in the condition of both sampling techniques, we introduce the use of a study variable and two auxiliary variables (mean and ranks). We conduct various estimations for real-world populations for theoretical and numerical findings. The results obtained from these estimators consistently demonstrate the better performance of the proposed classes of estimators over the currently existing estimators. This work also finds a comprehensive simulation analysis to evaluate the performance of various estimators. These findings show that the effectiveness of the proposed estimator significantly improves estimation accuracy. For additional validation and understanding of the relative effectiveness of the proposed estimators, this study also provides comparative graphs showing their performance relative to other current estimators.
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spelling doaj-art-a30a2f22f9264fd38f564a59ad16b0dc2025-08-20T03:47:14ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115112510.1038/s41598-025-98246-yA new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-responseSohail Ahmad0Hasnain Iftikhar1Moiz Qureshi2Ilyas Khan3Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer4Elías A. Torres Armas5Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales6School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South UniversityDepartment of Statistics, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityDepartment of Statistics, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityDepartment of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah UniversityDepartment of Information System, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah UniversityInstituto de Investigación de Estudios Estadíaticos y Control de Calidad, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de MendozaEscuela de Posgrado, Universidad Peruana UniónAbstract Population distribution function is a particular area in sample surveys, and several researchers have worked to improve the accuracy of this study by using the auxiliary data. Recent studies estimate the population distribution function by applying stratified random sampling and non-response techniques, but there are some limitations in using the auxiliary data. However, we improve this study, which aims to maximize the accuracy of estimating the population distribution function under the combined effect of stratified random sampling and non-response groups. To achieve this goal in the condition of both sampling techniques, we introduce the use of a study variable and two auxiliary variables (mean and ranks). We conduct various estimations for real-world populations for theoretical and numerical findings. The results obtained from these estimators consistently demonstrate the better performance of the proposed classes of estimators over the currently existing estimators. This work also finds a comprehensive simulation analysis to evaluate the performance of various estimators. These findings show that the effectiveness of the proposed estimator significantly improves estimation accuracy. For additional validation and understanding of the relative effectiveness of the proposed estimators, this study also provides comparative graphs showing their performance relative to other current estimators.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98246-y
spellingShingle Sohail Ahmad
Hasnain Iftikhar
Moiz Qureshi
Ilyas Khan
Abdoalrahman S. A. Omer
Elías A. Torres Armas
Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
Scientific Reports
title A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
title_full A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
title_fullStr A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
title_full_unstemmed A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
title_short A new auxiliary variables-based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non-response
title_sort new auxiliary variables based estimator for population distribution function under stratified random sampling and non response
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98246-y
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