Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss

Vessel-wall volume and localized three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) metrics are sensitive indicators of carotid atherosclerosis changes in response to therapies. Deep-learning segmentation models have been proposed to segment the media-adventitia boundary (MAB) and lumen-intima boundary (LIB) neces...

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Main Authors: Zhaozheng Chen, Zhiyin Liu, Bernard Chiu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11062868/
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author Zhaozheng Chen
Zhiyin Liu
Bernard Chiu
author_facet Zhaozheng Chen
Zhiyin Liu
Bernard Chiu
author_sort Zhaozheng Chen
collection DOAJ
description Vessel-wall volume and localized three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) metrics are sensitive indicators of carotid atherosclerosis changes in response to therapies. Deep-learning segmentation models have been proposed to segment the media-adventitia boundary (MAB) and lumen-intima boundary (LIB) necessary to obtain these measurements. However, the performance of these models declines substantially when applied to datasets with different properties from their training data, highlighting a need for more generalizable models. We introduce Folding Fan ResNet (FFRN), a deep-learning model designed to enhance cross-domain generalizability. FFRN incorporates a novel skip connection pathway, the Folding Fan Connection (FFC), which improves encoder-decoder feature fusion through multiple addition and convolutional operations. This design reduces parameter redundancy while maintaining efficient feature propagation, leading to increased generalizability compared to existing models. Additionally, the quadratic mapping loss (QML) function is proposed to improve model fine-tuning. QML addresses arterial mislocalization by deferring the optimization of incorrectly localized boundaries while prioritizing adjustments to correctly segmented regions. This strategy prevents the reinforcement of erroneous features and allows for better modeling of carotid structures. FFRN demonstrated higher generalizability than four state-of-the-art segmentation models, improving Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) of 78.9±24.1% and 79.0±23.2% attained by the U-Net for LIB and MAB segmentation, respectively, to 84.0±18.2% and 84.6±17.1% in MAB and LIB segmentation, respectively. With QML fine-tuning, the DSCs increased to 88.9±8.2% (LIB) and 90.6±8.1% (MAB), outperforming all competing approaches, even after their performances were enhanced by QML. Notably, the fine-tuned model is the first to achieve a zero incorrect localization rate (ILR) in the target dataset. The improved generalizability afforded by the model enhances efficiency for carotid disease monitoring across clinical centers.
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spelling doaj-art-a2d2312f30284edc9173458331b6fdbd2025-08-20T04:03:07ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011311737411738410.1109/ACCESS.2025.358506411062868Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping LossZhaozheng Chen0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-1111Zhiyin Liu1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4125-4565Bernard Chiu2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2410Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, ChinaDivision of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, ChinaDepartment of Physics & Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, CanadaVessel-wall volume and localized three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) metrics are sensitive indicators of carotid atherosclerosis changes in response to therapies. Deep-learning segmentation models have been proposed to segment the media-adventitia boundary (MAB) and lumen-intima boundary (LIB) necessary to obtain these measurements. However, the performance of these models declines substantially when applied to datasets with different properties from their training data, highlighting a need for more generalizable models. We introduce Folding Fan ResNet (FFRN), a deep-learning model designed to enhance cross-domain generalizability. FFRN incorporates a novel skip connection pathway, the Folding Fan Connection (FFC), which improves encoder-decoder feature fusion through multiple addition and convolutional operations. This design reduces parameter redundancy while maintaining efficient feature propagation, leading to increased generalizability compared to existing models. Additionally, the quadratic mapping loss (QML) function is proposed to improve model fine-tuning. QML addresses arterial mislocalization by deferring the optimization of incorrectly localized boundaries while prioritizing adjustments to correctly segmented regions. This strategy prevents the reinforcement of erroneous features and allows for better modeling of carotid structures. FFRN demonstrated higher generalizability than four state-of-the-art segmentation models, improving Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) of 78.9±24.1% and 79.0±23.2% attained by the U-Net for LIB and MAB segmentation, respectively, to 84.0±18.2% and 84.6±17.1% in MAB and LIB segmentation, respectively. With QML fine-tuning, the DSCs increased to 88.9±8.2% (LIB) and 90.6±8.1% (MAB), outperforming all competing approaches, even after their performances were enhanced by QML. Notably, the fine-tuned model is the first to achieve a zero incorrect localization rate (ILR) in the target dataset. The improved generalizability afforded by the model enhances efficiency for carotid disease monitoring across clinical centers.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11062868/Carotid artery segmentationthree-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) imagesfolding fan ResNet (FFRN)quadratic mapping loss (QML)
spellingShingle Zhaozheng Chen
Zhiyin Liu
Bernard Chiu
Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
IEEE Access
Carotid artery segmentation
three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) images
folding fan ResNet (FFRN)
quadratic mapping loss (QML)
title Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
title_full Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
title_fullStr Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
title_full_unstemmed Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
title_short Cross-Domain Carotid Artery Segmentation Using Folding Fan ResNet and Quadratic Mapping Loss
title_sort cross domain carotid artery segmentation using folding fan resnet and quadratic mapping loss
topic Carotid artery segmentation
three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) images
folding fan ResNet (FFRN)
quadratic mapping loss (QML)
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11062868/
work_keys_str_mv AT zhaozhengchen crossdomaincarotidarterysegmentationusingfoldingfanresnetandquadraticmappingloss
AT zhiyinliu crossdomaincarotidarterysegmentationusingfoldingfanresnetandquadraticmappingloss
AT bernardchiu crossdomaincarotidarterysegmentationusingfoldingfanresnetandquadraticmappingloss