Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon)
Fruit peels contain secondary metabolite compounds with potential antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from the peels of orange, banana, apple, and lemon. The peels were extracted using distilled water through...
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Biotechnology Society of Nepal
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Nepal Journal of Biotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://nepjb.com/index.php/NJB/article/view/387 |
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| author | Anjali Kumari Sah Kripa Pandey Aaraju Khadka Surjina Shrestha Sagar Kandel Sudip Bhandari Era Tuladhar |
| author_facet | Anjali Kumari Sah Kripa Pandey Aaraju Khadka Surjina Shrestha Sagar Kandel Sudip Bhandari Era Tuladhar |
| author_sort | Anjali Kumari Sah |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Fruit peels contain secondary metabolite compounds with potential antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from the peels of orange, banana, apple, and lemon. The peels were extracted using distilled water through cold percolation. The percentage yield was determined, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening. Total phenolic and flavonoid presence were quantified. Additionally, antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and antibacterial activities were assessed. The yield percentage of fruit peel extracts followed the order: of banana > apple > orange > lemon. The phytochemical analysis illustrated the presence of the alkaloid, reducing and non-reducing sugars, coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. TPC values (mg GAE/g) were highest in lemon (132.22 ± 3.95) and lowest in banana (60.69 ± 2.005). TFC values (mg QE/g) were highest in orange (4.373 ± 1.667) and lowest in lemon (1.204 ± 0.277). Antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging) was highest in oranges (56.29%) and lowest in bananas (17.11%). The antibacterial activity of fruit peel, tested using agar well diffusion, showed no inhibition against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The research quantified TPC and TFC and evaluated antioxidant and antibacterial activities. While the extracts demonstrated moderate antioxidant potential, their antibacterial properties were negative, suggesting they may be more suitable as natural antioxidants rather than antimicrobial agents.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a2b80e67c0f046fa9d77b3959c2ddd70 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2091-1130 2467-9313 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Biotechnology Society of Nepal |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nepal Journal of Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj-art-a2b80e67c0f046fa9d77b3959c2ddd702025-08-20T03:03:03ZengBiotechnology Society of NepalNepal Journal of Biotechnology2091-11302467-93132025-07-0113110.54796/njb.v13i1.387Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon)Anjali Kumari Sah0Kripa Pandey1Aaraju Khadka2Surjina Shrestha3Sagar Kandel4https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7234-6584Sudip Bhandari5Era Tuladhar6Department of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, Balkumari College, Chitwan, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, NepalDepartment of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, Nepal Fruit peels contain secondary metabolite compounds with potential antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from the peels of orange, banana, apple, and lemon. The peels were extracted using distilled water through cold percolation. The percentage yield was determined, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening. Total phenolic and flavonoid presence were quantified. Additionally, antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and antibacterial activities were assessed. The yield percentage of fruit peel extracts followed the order: of banana > apple > orange > lemon. The phytochemical analysis illustrated the presence of the alkaloid, reducing and non-reducing sugars, coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. TPC values (mg GAE/g) were highest in lemon (132.22 ± 3.95) and lowest in banana (60.69 ± 2.005). TFC values (mg QE/g) were highest in orange (4.373 ± 1.667) and lowest in lemon (1.204 ± 0.277). Antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging) was highest in oranges (56.29%) and lowest in bananas (17.11%). The antibacterial activity of fruit peel, tested using agar well diffusion, showed no inhibition against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The research quantified TPC and TFC and evaluated antioxidant and antibacterial activities. While the extracts demonstrated moderate antioxidant potential, their antibacterial properties were negative, suggesting they may be more suitable as natural antioxidants rather than antimicrobial agents. https://nepjb.com/index.php/NJB/article/view/387Antioxidant activitiessecondary metaboliteTotal phenolic contenttotal flavonoid presenceBioactive |
| spellingShingle | Anjali Kumari Sah Kripa Pandey Aaraju Khadka Surjina Shrestha Sagar Kandel Sudip Bhandari Era Tuladhar Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Antioxidant activities secondary metabolite Total phenolic content total flavonoid presence Bioactive |
| title | Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) |
| title_full | Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) |
| title_short | Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Waste Fruit Peels (Orange, Banana, Apple, and Lemon) |
| title_sort | phytochemical analysis antioxidant and antibacterial properties of waste fruit peels orange banana apple and lemon |
| topic | Antioxidant activities secondary metabolite Total phenolic content total flavonoid presence Bioactive |
| url | https://nepjb.com/index.php/NJB/article/view/387 |
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