A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles (EVs (Unless otherwise specified, Electric Vehicles (EVs) in this study refer to the totality of BEVs, PHEVs, and other battery-equipped vehicles that have the potential to participate in V2G)) to interact with renewable energy sources, posi...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3088 |
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| author | Chengquan Zhang Hiroshi Kitamura Mika Goto |
| author_facet | Chengquan Zhang Hiroshi Kitamura Mika Goto |
| author_sort | Chengquan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles (EVs (Unless otherwise specified, Electric Vehicles (EVs) in this study refer to the totality of BEVs, PHEVs, and other battery-equipped vehicles that have the potential to participate in V2G)) to interact with renewable energy sources, positioning it as a key driver of energy system decentralization. While V2G holds significant potential for enhancing grid stability and economic efficiency, its large-scale deployment requires a robust economic assessment. However, existing research predominantly focuses on technical feasibility, lacking comprehensive economic evaluations due to the complexity of V2G system architectures. To bridge this gap, we propose the BSTP (Business-Stakeholders-Technology-Policy) V2G economic evaluation framework and the VRR (Value Realization Rate) methodology, employing a Semi-Systematic Co-Design Approach. This framework systematically characterizes the evolution of V2G business models, the interactions among key stakeholders, the influence of technological and policy factors, and the criteria for economic feasibility assessment. Furthermore, we identify a “Big Models, No Trials” issue in V2G economic research, where large-scale theoretical models lack empirical validation. To address this challenge and ensure the practical applicability of our framework, we define six core challenges that must be resolved for a rigorous economic evaluation of V2G. Our findings provide a structured foundation for future research and policy development, offering insights that could accelerate the transition to decentralized energy systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a2648135d1794b1baac339a2c652d97e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-a2648135d1794b1baac339a2c652d97e2025-08-20T02:24:38ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011812308810.3390/en18123088A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior StudiesChengquan Zhang0Hiroshi Kitamura1Mika Goto2School of Environment and Society, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0023, JapanNEC Corporation, Tokyo 108-8001, JapanSchool of Environment and Society, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0023, JapanVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles (EVs (Unless otherwise specified, Electric Vehicles (EVs) in this study refer to the totality of BEVs, PHEVs, and other battery-equipped vehicles that have the potential to participate in V2G)) to interact with renewable energy sources, positioning it as a key driver of energy system decentralization. While V2G holds significant potential for enhancing grid stability and economic efficiency, its large-scale deployment requires a robust economic assessment. However, existing research predominantly focuses on technical feasibility, lacking comprehensive economic evaluations due to the complexity of V2G system architectures. To bridge this gap, we propose the BSTP (Business-Stakeholders-Technology-Policy) V2G economic evaluation framework and the VRR (Value Realization Rate) methodology, employing a Semi-Systematic Co-Design Approach. This framework systematically characterizes the evolution of V2G business models, the interactions among key stakeholders, the influence of technological and policy factors, and the criteria for economic feasibility assessment. Furthermore, we identify a “Big Models, No Trials” issue in V2G economic research, where large-scale theoretical models lack empirical validation. To address this challenge and ensure the practical applicability of our framework, we define six core challenges that must be resolved for a rigorous economic evaluation of V2G. Our findings provide a structured foundation for future research and policy development, offering insights that could accelerate the transition to decentralized energy systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3088vehicle-to-grideconomic evaluationbusiness modelstakeholderstechnical routespolicies and regulations |
| spellingShingle | Chengquan Zhang Hiroshi Kitamura Mika Goto A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies Energies vehicle-to-grid economic evaluation business model stakeholders technical routes policies and regulations |
| title | A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies |
| title_full | A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies |
| title_fullStr | A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies |
| title_short | A New Framework of Vehicle-to-Grid Economic Evaluation: From Semi-Systematic Review of 132 Prior Studies |
| title_sort | new framework of vehicle to grid economic evaluation from semi systematic review of 132 prior studies |
| topic | vehicle-to-grid economic evaluation business model stakeholders technical routes policies and regulations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3088 |
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