Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review
Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are essential natural resources with applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and pesticides. With growing consumer preferences for natural products, the global trade of MAPs (HS code: 1211) has grown significantly. This study analyzed global MAP market...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002819 |
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| author | Sahar Zamani Mehran Fathi Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi Ákos Máthé |
| author_facet | Sahar Zamani Mehran Fathi Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi Ákos Máthé |
| author_sort | Sahar Zamani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are essential natural resources with applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and pesticides. With growing consumer preferences for natural products, the global trade of MAPs (HS code: 1211) has grown significantly. This study analyzed global MAP market trends using export and import data from the International Trade Center (ITC) from 2010 to 2023. During this period, global export and import values surged by 97.8 % and 98.1 %, reaching $4.18 billion and $4.25 billion, respectively, in 2023. China and India emerged as key exporters, with India achieving a 240 % growth in export value, while the United States, Germany, and Japan were leading importers due to high domestic demand and advanced processing infrastructure. HS 121190, comprising plants for perfumery, pharmacy, and pest control, accounted for over 90 % of total trade value, ranking as the 976th most traded product globally in 2022. MAPs prices vary by origin, with vanilla ($115–255.39/kg) as the most expensive and arugula ($0.12/kg) the cheapest. Certifications like WHO-GACP and GMP are critical for quality assurance, traceability, and market competitiveness. Challenges include overharvesting, habitat destruction, trade barriers, and inconsistent quality control, necessitating sustainable cultivation, advanced processing technologies, and harmonized regulations. While Asia-Pacific, led by China and India, dominates production due to biodiversity and supportive policies, Europe and North America focus on value-added re-export. This study underscores the pivotal role of MAPs in global trade. It also provides actionable insights for stakeholders to optimize strategies, embrace sustainability, and capitalize on the expanding demand for these versatile plants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a208b4e3929f459da620fa757c67448f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2666-1543 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-a208b4e3929f459da620fa757c67448f2025-08-20T03:10:25ZengElsevierJournal of Agriculture and Food Research2666-15432025-06-012110191010.1016/j.jafr.2025.101910Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A reviewSahar Zamani0Mehran Fathi1Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi2Ákos Máthé3Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author.Albert Kázmér Faculty, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, HungaryMedicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are essential natural resources with applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and pesticides. With growing consumer preferences for natural products, the global trade of MAPs (HS code: 1211) has grown significantly. This study analyzed global MAP market trends using export and import data from the International Trade Center (ITC) from 2010 to 2023. During this period, global export and import values surged by 97.8 % and 98.1 %, reaching $4.18 billion and $4.25 billion, respectively, in 2023. China and India emerged as key exporters, with India achieving a 240 % growth in export value, while the United States, Germany, and Japan were leading importers due to high domestic demand and advanced processing infrastructure. HS 121190, comprising plants for perfumery, pharmacy, and pest control, accounted for over 90 % of total trade value, ranking as the 976th most traded product globally in 2022. MAPs prices vary by origin, with vanilla ($115–255.39/kg) as the most expensive and arugula ($0.12/kg) the cheapest. Certifications like WHO-GACP and GMP are critical for quality assurance, traceability, and market competitiveness. Challenges include overharvesting, habitat destruction, trade barriers, and inconsistent quality control, necessitating sustainable cultivation, advanced processing technologies, and harmonized regulations. While Asia-Pacific, led by China and India, dominates production due to biodiversity and supportive policies, Europe and North America focus on value-added re-export. This study underscores the pivotal role of MAPs in global trade. It also provides actionable insights for stakeholders to optimize strategies, embrace sustainability, and capitalize on the expanding demand for these versatile plants.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002819TradeMedicinal plantsMarketPhytochemicalPrice |
| spellingShingle | Sahar Zamani Mehran Fathi Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi Ákos Máthé Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review Journal of Agriculture and Food Research Trade Medicinal plants Market Phytochemical Price |
| title | Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |
| title_full | Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |
| title_fullStr | Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |
| title_short | Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |
| title_sort | global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants a review |
| topic | Trade Medicinal plants Market Phytochemical Price |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002819 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saharzamani globaltradeofmedicinalandaromaticplantsareview AT mehranfathi globaltradeofmedicinalandaromaticplantsareview AT mohammadtaghiebadi globaltradeofmedicinalandaromaticplantsareview AT akosmathe globaltradeofmedicinalandaromaticplantsareview |