Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling

Abstract Develop a novel coupled PK-PD model and apply it to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA) combined with Calycosin (CA) in the treatment of ischemic stroke. A total of 6 rats were modelled for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Plasma was col...

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Main Authors: Jinzhou Sun, Qianqian Chen, Chumeng Zhuang, Xiaohong Li, Li Yu, Weifeng Jin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00182-4
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author Jinzhou Sun
Qianqian Chen
Chumeng Zhuang
Xiaohong Li
Li Yu
Weifeng Jin
author_facet Jinzhou Sun
Qianqian Chen
Chumeng Zhuang
Xiaohong Li
Li Yu
Weifeng Jin
author_sort Jinzhou Sun
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Develop a novel coupled PK-PD model and apply it to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA) combined with Calycosin (CA) in the treatment of ischemic stroke. A total of 6 rats were modelled for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Plasma was collected from the submandibular venous plexus of rats after the administration of HSYA and CA, and was detected and analyzed by LC-MS method. The plasma expression levels of Caspase-9, IL-1β and SOD in rats were also determined by ELISA kit. Meanwhile, a coupled PK-PD model was proposed, incorporating interaction terms between drugs and coupling of pharmacodynamic effects, to quantitatively reveal their interactions. Moreover, a numerical solution technique based on optimization methods was proposed, enabling the model to be effectively applied to experimental data. Based on the coupled PK model, HSYA and CA significantly increased each other’s metabolic rates. The model also showed that CA had a larger apparent volume of distribution and clearance in rats, while HSYA had a shorter mean retention time and elimination half-life. The coupled PK-PD model indicated a synergistic effect between HSYA and CA on all three pharmacodynamic markers, with HSYA contributing more significantly. Despite individual variability among the six rats, the parameter interpretations remained consistent. The proposed coupled PK-PD model and its numerical solution algorithm successfully revealed the synergistic effects of HSYA and CA in the treatment of ischemic stroke. This model lays the foundation for future models with more complex interactions and effects.
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spelling doaj-art-a1fd398dbd4544b680bc40f39d0d19a02025-08-20T03:09:34ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-00182-4Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modelingJinzhou Sun0Qianqian Chen1Chumeng Zhuang2Xiaohong Li3Li Yu4Weifeng Jin5School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversitySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversitySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityAbstract Develop a novel coupled PK-PD model and apply it to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA) combined with Calycosin (CA) in the treatment of ischemic stroke. A total of 6 rats were modelled for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Plasma was collected from the submandibular venous plexus of rats after the administration of HSYA and CA, and was detected and analyzed by LC-MS method. The plasma expression levels of Caspase-9, IL-1β and SOD in rats were also determined by ELISA kit. Meanwhile, a coupled PK-PD model was proposed, incorporating interaction terms between drugs and coupling of pharmacodynamic effects, to quantitatively reveal their interactions. Moreover, a numerical solution technique based on optimization methods was proposed, enabling the model to be effectively applied to experimental data. Based on the coupled PK model, HSYA and CA significantly increased each other’s metabolic rates. The model also showed that CA had a larger apparent volume of distribution and clearance in rats, while HSYA had a shorter mean retention time and elimination half-life. The coupled PK-PD model indicated a synergistic effect between HSYA and CA on all three pharmacodynamic markers, with HSYA contributing more significantly. Despite individual variability among the six rats, the parameter interpretations remained consistent. The proposed coupled PK-PD model and its numerical solution algorithm successfully revealed the synergistic effects of HSYA and CA in the treatment of ischemic stroke. This model lays the foundation for future models with more complex interactions and effects.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00182-4Synergistic effectsCoupled PK-PDHydroxysafflor yellow ACalycosin
spellingShingle Jinzhou Sun
Qianqian Chen
Chumeng Zhuang
Xiaohong Li
Li Yu
Weifeng Jin
Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
Scientific Reports
Synergistic effects
Coupled PK-PD
Hydroxysafflor yellow A
Calycosin
title Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
title_full Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
title_fullStr Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
title_full_unstemmed Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
title_short Mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled PK-PD modeling
title_sort mechanistic insights into synergistic effects using coupled pk pd modeling
topic Synergistic effects
Coupled PK-PD
Hydroxysafflor yellow A
Calycosin
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00182-4
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AT qianqianchen mechanisticinsightsintosynergisticeffectsusingcoupledpkpdmodeling
AT chumengzhuang mechanisticinsightsintosynergisticeffectsusingcoupledpkpdmodeling
AT xiaohongli mechanisticinsightsintosynergisticeffectsusingcoupledpkpdmodeling
AT liyu mechanisticinsightsintosynergisticeffectsusingcoupledpkpdmodeling
AT weifengjin mechanisticinsightsintosynergisticeffectsusingcoupledpkpdmodeling