Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte

We describe an experiment in which we employ a radiofrequency sensor to measure pH changes in a liquid solution. The experiment is novel in a few ways. First, the sensor does not have contact with the liquid but rather detects the change from the outside of a PVC pipe. Second, the change is detected...

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Main Authors: Dylan Gustafson, Dominic Klyve
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2832
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author Dylan Gustafson
Dominic Klyve
author_facet Dylan Gustafson
Dominic Klyve
author_sort Dylan Gustafson
collection DOAJ
description We describe an experiment in which we employ a radiofrequency sensor to measure pH changes in a liquid solution. The experiment is novel in a few ways. First, the sensor does not have contact with the liquid but rather detects the change from the outside of a PVC pipe. Second, the change is detected using a Linear Discriminant Analysis model using values from an inverse Fourier transform of the frequency data as its features. We believe this to be the first use of Fourier analysis in contactless pH measurement using radio frequencies.
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publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher MDPI AG
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spelling doaj-art-a1cc0cc564d74a0a817c2abd8b5530ff2025-08-20T01:49:14ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-04-01259283210.3390/s25092832Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid AnalyteDylan Gustafson0Dominic Klyve1Department of Mathematics, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USAKnow Labs, Inc., Seattle, WA 98104, USAWe describe an experiment in which we employ a radiofrequency sensor to measure pH changes in a liquid solution. The experiment is novel in a few ways. First, the sensor does not have contact with the liquid but rather detects the change from the outside of a PVC pipe. Second, the change is detected using a Linear Discriminant Analysis model using values from an inverse Fourier transform of the frequency data as its features. We believe this to be the first use of Fourier analysis in contactless pH measurement using radio frequencies.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2832sensorpHradiofrequencycontactlessmicrowavenon-invasive
spellingShingle Dylan Gustafson
Dominic Klyve
Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
Sensors
sensor
pH
radiofrequency
contactless
microwave
non-invasive
title Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
title_full Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
title_fullStr Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
title_full_unstemmed Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
title_short Contactless Detection of pH Change in a Liquid Analyte
title_sort contactless detection of ph change in a liquid analyte
topic sensor
pH
radiofrequency
contactless
microwave
non-invasive
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2832
work_keys_str_mv AT dylangustafson contactlessdetectionofphchangeinaliquidanalyte
AT dominicklyve contactlessdetectionofphchangeinaliquidanalyte