Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage
Objective To explore the efficacy and action mechanism of a novel phenothiazine derivative, DA414, in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (aged 8~10 weeks, weighing 250~300 g) were randomly divided into sham operation, model, and low and high dose DA...
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Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University
2025-05-01
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| Series: | 陆军军医大学学报 |
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| Online Access: | https://aammt.tmmu.edu.cn/html/202501047.html |
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| author | MA Yufan WANG Bingqiao LIN Sen |
| author_facet | MA Yufan WANG Bingqiao LIN Sen |
| author_sort | MA Yufan |
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| description | Objective To explore the efficacy and action mechanism of a novel phenothiazine derivative, DA414, in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (aged 8~10 weeks, weighing 250~300 g) were randomly divided into sham operation, model, and low and high dose DA414 groups [5 and 10 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 animals per group. The size and extent of injury in the ICH area were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological slices. Neurological function was evaluated with a behavioral grading system. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related factor, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Multiplex immunohistochemistry was employed to quantitatively evaluate microglial activation in perihematomal tissue. RT-qPCR was applied to measure the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β), pro-inflammatory (IL-18, TLR4, IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed by Evans blue staining, and the biosafety of DA414 for the liver, kidneys and heart was assessed by HE staining and clinical biochemical tests. Results DA414 significantly promoted the absorption of hematoma, reduced neuronal injury, and improved neurological function scores. DA414 significantly up-regulated the ferroptosis regulatory factor GPX4 (P<0.01), and also significantly inhibited the activation of microglia after ICH (P<0.001). RT-qPCR indicated that DA414 treatment resulted in down-regulation of mRNA expression in the inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, all P<0.01) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TLR4, IL-6, both P<0.05; IL-18, TNF-α, both P<0.01) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, both P<0.05), suggesting that DA414 exerts its neuroprotective effect probably by regulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Safety assessment revealed that DA414 had no significant effect on BBB integrity or damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart in rats. Conclusion DA414 exerts significant neuroprotective effects in ICH model by targeted inhibition for ferroptosis and modulating inflammatory response. Our study provides an experimental foundation for ICH treatment.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a17a9fc0ee9644bd961b7c0f372baeb3 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2097-0927 |
| language | zho |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | 陆军军医大学学报 |
| spelling | doaj-art-a17a9fc0ee9644bd961b7c0f372baeb32025-08-20T02:15:28ZzhoEditorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University陆军军医大学学报2097-09272025-05-0147992293410.16016/j.2097-0927.202501047Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhageMA Yufan0WANG Bingqiao1LIN Sen2Department of Neurology， Second Affiliated Hospital， Army Medical University （Third Military Medical University）， Chongqing， ChinaDepartment of Neurology， Second Affiliated Hospital， Army Medical University （Third Military Medical University）， Chongqing， ChinaDepartment of Neurology， Second Affiliated Hospital， Army Medical University （Third Military Medical University）， Chongqing， China Objective To explore the efficacy and action mechanism of a novel phenothiazine derivative, DA414, in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (aged 8~10 weeks, weighing 250~300 g) were randomly divided into sham operation, model, and low and high dose DA414 groups [5 and 10 mg/(kg·d)], with 20 animals per group. The size and extent of injury in the ICH area were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological slices. Neurological function was evaluated with a behavioral grading system. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related factor, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Multiplex immunohistochemistry was employed to quantitatively evaluate microglial activation in perihematomal tissue. RT-qPCR was applied to measure the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β), pro-inflammatory (IL-18, TLR4, IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed by Evans blue staining, and the biosafety of DA414 for the liver, kidneys and heart was assessed by HE staining and clinical biochemical tests. Results DA414 significantly promoted the absorption of hematoma, reduced neuronal injury, and improved neurological function scores. DA414 significantly up-regulated the ferroptosis regulatory factor GPX4 (P<0.01), and also significantly inhibited the activation of microglia after ICH (P<0.001). RT-qPCR indicated that DA414 treatment resulted in down-regulation of mRNA expression in the inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, all P<0.01) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TLR4, IL-6, both P<0.05; IL-18, TNF-α, both P<0.01) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, both P<0.05), suggesting that DA414 exerts its neuroprotective effect probably by regulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Safety assessment revealed that DA414 had no significant effect on BBB integrity or damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart in rats. Conclusion DA414 exerts significant neuroprotective effects in ICH model by targeted inhibition for ferroptosis and modulating inflammatory response. Our study provides an experimental foundation for ICH treatment. https://aammt.tmmu.edu.cn/html/202501047.htmlnovel phenothiazine derivativeintracerebral hemorrhageferroptosisinflammation |
| spellingShingle | MA Yufan WANG Bingqiao LIN Sen Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage 陆军军医大学学报 novel phenothiazine derivative intracerebral hemorrhage ferroptosis inflammation |
| title | Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| title_full | Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| title_fullStr | Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| title_short | Effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative DA414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| title_sort | effects and underlying mechanisms of novel phenothiazine derivative da414 in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage |
| topic | novel phenothiazine derivative intracerebral hemorrhage ferroptosis inflammation |
| url | https://aammt.tmmu.edu.cn/html/202501047.html |
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