Adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule and mental health, physical activity, and overweight: A population-based study in the Netherlands
Background: The 3+30+300 guideline aims to establish a standard for healthier cities to enhance population health through the provision of trees and green space; however, little empirical evidence to support its effectiveness is available. Objectives: We aimed to 1) evaluate the adherence to the 3+3...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-08-01
|
| Series: | Environment International |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025003940 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | Background: The 3+30+300 guideline aims to establish a standard for healthier cities to enhance population health through the provision of trees and green space; however, little empirical evidence to support its effectiveness is available. Objectives: We aimed to 1) evaluate the adherence to the 3+30+300 urban green space rule in the Netherlands; 2) examine the associations between the 3+30+300 rule (and its components) and adults’ health and behavioral outcomes; and 3) assess possible effect modifications by age, sex, income, and urbanicity. Methods: We used population-based health survey data for 2022 from the Netherlands. Adults’ general health, psychological complaints, anxiety and depression symptoms, psychological resilience, physical activity, and overweight were assessed alongside the 3+30+300 rule at the residential addresses. Covariate-adjusted mixed effects logistic regressions estimated the associations of health and behavioral outcomes with the 3+30+300 components—individually and jointly. Subgroup analyses based on age, sex, income, and urbanicity were also conducted. Results: Of the 180,949 respondents, 16.4 % met the 3+30+300 rule. Respondents meeting the 3+30+300 rule were significantly less likely to be overweight and were significantly more likely to be physically active than those not meeting the rule. Neither meeting the 3+30+300 rule nor its components showed any association with other health or behavioral outcomes. We found no notable effect modification by age, sex, income, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that meeting the 3+30+300 green space rule may promote certain health benefits, particularly by supporting better weight management and higher physical activity levels, though its role in mental health remains inconclusive. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 0160-4120 |