Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers
Abstract This paper proposes a novel MZI (Mach–Zehnder Interferometer) structure for high-speed optical encryption in Optical Transmission Networks (OTNs) operating at 100 Gbps with OTU4 signaling on a silicon-based optical fiber substrate. The design achieves a significantly lower $${V}_{\pi }l$$ (...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95314-1 |
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| author | Amir Khalili Kambiz Abedi |
| author_facet | Amir Khalili Kambiz Abedi |
| author_sort | Amir Khalili |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper proposes a novel MZI (Mach–Zehnder Interferometer) structure for high-speed optical encryption in Optical Transmission Networks (OTNs) operating at 100 Gbps with OTU4 signaling on a silicon-based optical fiber substrate. The design achieves a significantly lower $${V}_{\pi }l$$ (half-wave voltage length) compared to existing MZIs by engineering the material profile of the MZI arm cladding. Additionally, it introduces a novel approach by utilizing the dispersive arm for precise control of reflecting power. This optimized MZI exhibits a $${V}_{\pi }l$$ of approximately 13.5 V mm and a bandwidth of 116.5 GHz, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 8.630 GHz/V mm. This represents an 86% improvement over comparable MZI designs, highlighting the significant performance enhancement. Furthermore, the proposed MZI boasts the smallest footprint among similar implementations. Notably, the entire structure, including the synchronizer and switch, leverages the MZI principle. This MZI-based design holds promise for efficient and compact optical encryption in 100 Gbps OTNs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a0eb4fb2d23c470fa085f0ab3b20fff7 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-a0eb4fb2d23c470fa085f0ab3b20fff72025-08-20T03:10:07ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-95314-1Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometersAmir Khalili0Kambiz Abedi1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti UniversityFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti UniversityAbstract This paper proposes a novel MZI (Mach–Zehnder Interferometer) structure for high-speed optical encryption in Optical Transmission Networks (OTNs) operating at 100 Gbps with OTU4 signaling on a silicon-based optical fiber substrate. The design achieves a significantly lower $${V}_{\pi }l$$ (half-wave voltage length) compared to existing MZIs by engineering the material profile of the MZI arm cladding. Additionally, it introduces a novel approach by utilizing the dispersive arm for precise control of reflecting power. This optimized MZI exhibits a $${V}_{\pi }l$$ of approximately 13.5 V mm and a bandwidth of 116.5 GHz, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 8.630 GHz/V mm. This represents an 86% improvement over comparable MZI designs, highlighting the significant performance enhancement. Furthermore, the proposed MZI boasts the smallest footprint among similar implementations. Notably, the entire structure, including the synchronizer and switch, leverages the MZI principle. This MZI-based design holds promise for efficient and compact optical encryption in 100 Gbps OTNs.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95314-1Fiber opticOptical transport network (OTN)Optical cryptographyMach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM)Thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) |
| spellingShingle | Amir Khalili Kambiz Abedi Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers Scientific Reports Fiber optic Optical transport network (OTN) Optical cryptography Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) Thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) |
| title | Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers |
| title_full | Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers |
| title_fullStr | Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers |
| title_short | Design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100Gbps based on Mach–Zehnder interferometers |
| title_sort | design and analysis of optical encryption for optical transport networks with a rate of 100gbps based on mach zehnder interferometers |
| topic | Fiber optic Optical transport network (OTN) Optical cryptography Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) Thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95314-1 |
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