Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin
C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, notably in <i>Arthrospira</i> species. The extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB), the chromophore of C-PC, is a common approach to address the instability of C-PC under light, heat, and acidic conditions. Methanol is...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Won-Kyu Lee In-Yung Sunwoo Junseong Kim Yong-Kyun Ryu Eun-Jeong Koh Taeho Kim Woon-Yong Choi |
| author_facet | Won-Kyu Lee In-Yung Sunwoo Junseong Kim Yong-Kyun Ryu Eun-Jeong Koh Taeho Kim Woon-Yong Choi |
| author_sort | Won-Kyu Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, notably in <i>Arthrospira</i> species. The extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB), the chromophore of C-PC, is a common approach to address the instability of C-PC under light, heat, and acidic conditions. Methanol is typically used for PCB extraction. However, its use poses challenges for industrial applications owing to the need for solvent removal, extensive purification, and safety validation. Therefore, this study proposes ethanol as an alternative to methanol, optimizing the ethanol extraction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) and techno-economic analysis. The parameters evaluated were the extraction temperature, time, and C-PC/solvent ratio. Optimal conditions—68.81 °C, 14.91 h, and a C-PC to solvent ratio of 1:95 (<i>w/v</i>)— yielded a predicted PCB yield of 29.18%, closely aligning with the actual value of 29.67 ± 1.33%. A techno-economic analysis for pilot-scale PCB production showed that optimized ethanol extraction could yield 147.13 kg/year with 506 batches, compared with 84.31 kg/year standard methanol extraction with 317 batches. Furthermore, it was evaluated to have a unit production cost of USD 1,413,588/kg, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 53.36%, and a payback time of 1.6 years with increased yields and reduced toxic solvent disposal costs. This study supports scalable PCB production with a natural blue pigment suitable for the food, beverage, and cosmetics industries. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-a031c22ca5de4314babacd307908aa3e2025-08-20T02:50:13ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114231144010.3390/app142311440Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-PhycocyaninWon-Kyu Lee0In-Yung Sunwoo1Junseong Kim2Yong-Kyun Ryu3Eun-Jeong Koh4Taeho Kim5Woon-Yong Choi6Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si 63349, Republic of KoreaC-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, notably in <i>Arthrospira</i> species. The extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB), the chromophore of C-PC, is a common approach to address the instability of C-PC under light, heat, and acidic conditions. Methanol is typically used for PCB extraction. However, its use poses challenges for industrial applications owing to the need for solvent removal, extensive purification, and safety validation. Therefore, this study proposes ethanol as an alternative to methanol, optimizing the ethanol extraction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) and techno-economic analysis. The parameters evaluated were the extraction temperature, time, and C-PC/solvent ratio. Optimal conditions—68.81 °C, 14.91 h, and a C-PC to solvent ratio of 1:95 (<i>w/v</i>)— yielded a predicted PCB yield of 29.18%, closely aligning with the actual value of 29.67 ± 1.33%. A techno-economic analysis for pilot-scale PCB production showed that optimized ethanol extraction could yield 147.13 kg/year with 506 batches, compared with 84.31 kg/year standard methanol extraction with 317 batches. Furthermore, it was evaluated to have a unit production cost of USD 1,413,588/kg, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 53.36%, and a payback time of 1.6 years with increased yields and reduced toxic solvent disposal costs. This study supports scalable PCB production with a natural blue pigment suitable for the food, beverage, and cosmetics industries.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11440<i>Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima</i>C-phycocyaninphycocyanobilinresponse surface methodologycentral composite designtechno-economic analysis |
| spellingShingle | Won-Kyu Lee In-Yung Sunwoo Junseong Kim Yong-Kyun Ryu Eun-Jeong Koh Taeho Kim Woon-Yong Choi Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin Applied Sciences <i>Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima</i> C-phycocyanin phycocyanobilin response surface methodology central composite design techno-economic analysis |
| title | Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin |
| title_full | Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin |
| title_fullStr | Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin |
| title_short | Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from <i>Arthrospira maxima</i>-Derived C-Phycocyanin |
| title_sort | process optimization and techno economic analysis for the production of phycocyanobilin from i arthrospira maxima i derived c phycocyanin |
| topic | <i>Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima</i> C-phycocyanin phycocyanobilin response surface methodology central composite design techno-economic analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11440 |
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