A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D
According to CityGML, 3D models at different Levels of Details (LoDs) are defined to meet the geometric requirements of various applications. Following this principle, this paper introduces a concept of LoDs for the 3D modeling of Buddhist statues. The procedure consists of four steps: (1) inventory...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Geo-spatial Information Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2543965 |
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| author | Yuehan Pan Hongchao Fan Huabiao Li Miaole Hou |
| author_facet | Yuehan Pan Hongchao Fan Huabiao Li Miaole Hou |
| author_sort | Yuehan Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | According to CityGML, 3D models at different Levels of Details (LoDs) are defined to meet the geometric requirements of various applications. Following this principle, this paper introduces a concept of LoDs for the 3D modeling of Buddhist statues. The procedure consists of four steps: (1) inventory of applications, (2) analysis of geometric requirements in applications, (3) determination of the number of LoDs, and (4) design of geometric representations of each LoD. Based on 60 application scenarios, we proposed four LoDs for Buddhist statue modeling. LoD1 is defined as 2D symbols for geospatial analysis, LoD2 uses convex hull geometry for GIS applications, LoD3 is represented by coarse solid boundary representation of primary components for applications such as conservation and transportation, and LoD4 models detailed geometries for every small component to support various types of archeology calculations. The key feature of the proposed LoD concept is the integration of semantic information, which serves as fundamental data for interoperability in computer-aided applications. Based on the proposed LoD in this paper, a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) can be developed for the 3D digital modeling of Buddhist statues or even figure sculptures more broadly. The procedure developed in this paper could be generally used to design LoDs for other types of features in context with their application needs. Although this study focuses on Buddhist statues, the proposed LoD framework is adaptable to other sculptural traditions that require semantic-aware modeling, thereby enabling broad applicability across different cultural heritage domains. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a02b4b577a18401987495a6275c4a14a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1009-5020 1993-5153 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geo-spatial Information Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-a02b4b577a18401987495a6275c4a14a2025-08-20T04:02:27ZengTaylor & Francis GroupGeo-spatial Information Science1009-50201993-51532025-08-0111310.1080/10095020.2025.2543965A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3DYuehan Pan0Hongchao Fan1Huabiao Li2Miaole Hou3Beijing Key Laboratory for Architectural Heritage Fine Reconstruction & Health Monitoring, School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NorwayCenter for data management and analysis, National Museum of China, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory for Architectural Heritage Fine Reconstruction & Health Monitoring, School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, ChinaAccording to CityGML, 3D models at different Levels of Details (LoDs) are defined to meet the geometric requirements of various applications. Following this principle, this paper introduces a concept of LoDs for the 3D modeling of Buddhist statues. The procedure consists of four steps: (1) inventory of applications, (2) analysis of geometric requirements in applications, (3) determination of the number of LoDs, and (4) design of geometric representations of each LoD. Based on 60 application scenarios, we proposed four LoDs for Buddhist statue modeling. LoD1 is defined as 2D symbols for geospatial analysis, LoD2 uses convex hull geometry for GIS applications, LoD3 is represented by coarse solid boundary representation of primary components for applications such as conservation and transportation, and LoD4 models detailed geometries for every small component to support various types of archeology calculations. The key feature of the proposed LoD concept is the integration of semantic information, which serves as fundamental data for interoperability in computer-aided applications. Based on the proposed LoD in this paper, a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) can be developed for the 3D digital modeling of Buddhist statues or even figure sculptures more broadly. The procedure developed in this paper could be generally used to design LoDs for other types of features in context with their application needs. Although this study focuses on Buddhist statues, the proposed LoD framework is adaptable to other sculptural traditions that require semantic-aware modeling, thereby enabling broad applicability across different cultural heritage domains.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2543965Buddhist statueapplicationLoDarcheologyCityGMLsemantic modeling |
| spellingShingle | Yuehan Pan Hongchao Fan Huabiao Li Miaole Hou A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D Geo-spatial Information Science Buddhist statue application LoD archeology CityGML semantic modeling |
| title | A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D |
| title_full | A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D |
| title_fullStr | A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D |
| title_full_unstemmed | A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D |
| title_short | A concept of levels of detail for modeling Buddhist statues in 3D |
| title_sort | concept of levels of detail for modeling buddhist statues in 3d |
| topic | Buddhist statue application LoD archeology CityGML semantic modeling |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2543965 |
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