Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. It is clinically used as a surgical anesthetic or anesthetic inducer and has a certain degree of mental dependence. Its abuse can lead to nerve damage, adverse emotional reactions and other toxic side effects. The primary mechanism by which ketamine exerts its...
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Editorial Office of Journal of Forensic Medicine
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Fayixue Zazhi |
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| Online Access: | http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.341002 |
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| author | ZUO Yu-meng HAN Wei ZHANG Jian-bo LI Tao |
| author_facet | ZUO Yu-meng HAN Wei ZHANG Jian-bo LI Tao |
| author_sort | ZUO Yu-meng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. It is clinically used as a surgical anesthetic or anesthetic inducer and has a certain degree of mental dependence. Its abuse can lead to nerve damage, adverse emotional reactions and other toxic side effects. The primary mechanism by which ketamine exerts its pharmacological effects is to block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors （NMDAR）. It also functions through pathways such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isox-azolepropionic acid receptors （AMPAR）, opioid receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） receptors, monoaminergic receptors, cholinergic receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated （HCN） channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels （VDCC）. This article summarizes the molecular mechanism and toxic effects of ketamine’s pharmacological functions, in order to provide a basis for forensic applications such as the identification of symptomatic phenotypes of ketamine toxic effects and the identification of ketamine abuse. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9ff0f5fe3ca145c78fff945833c8a101 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1004-5619 |
| language | zho |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Office of Journal of Forensic Medicine |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fayixue Zazhi |
| spelling | doaj-art-9ff0f5fe3ca145c78fff945833c8a1012025-08-20T04:01:03ZzhoEditorial Office of Journal of Forensic MedicineFayixue Zazhi1004-56192025-04-0141212713510.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.3410021004-5619（2025）02-0127-09Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of KetamineZUO Yu-meng0HAN Wei1ZHANG Jian-bo2LI Tao3College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, ChinaCollege of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, ChinaCollege of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, ChinaCollege of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, ChinaKetamine is a dissociative anesthetic. It is clinically used as a surgical anesthetic or anesthetic inducer and has a certain degree of mental dependence. Its abuse can lead to nerve damage, adverse emotional reactions and other toxic side effects. The primary mechanism by which ketamine exerts its pharmacological effects is to block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors （NMDAR）. It also functions through pathways such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isox-azolepropionic acid receptors （AMPAR）, opioid receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） receptors, monoaminergic receptors, cholinergic receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated （HCN） channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels （VDCC）. This article summarizes the molecular mechanism and toxic effects of ketamine’s pharmacological functions, in order to provide a basis for forensic applications such as the identification of symptomatic phenotypes of ketamine toxic effects and the identification of ketamine abuse.http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.341002forensic pathologyforensic toxicologyketaminemolecular mechanismtoxic effectreview |
| spellingShingle | ZUO Yu-meng HAN Wei ZHANG Jian-bo LI Tao Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine Fayixue Zazhi forensic pathology forensic toxicology ketamine molecular mechanism toxic effect review |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms and Toxic Effects of Ketamine |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms and toxic effects of ketamine |
| topic | forensic pathology forensic toxicology ketamine molecular mechanism toxic effect review |
| url | http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.341002 |
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