Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant public health concern and has caused numerous unfortunate deaths. The Pap smear (PS) test is a widely-recognized and affordable screening technique used to detect cervical cancer at an early stage. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the inequali...

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Main Authors: Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mahin Amini, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini, Shima Khashij, Farzad Jalilian
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Guilan University of Medical Sciences 2024-06-01
Series:Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery
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Online Access:http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-2374-en.pdf
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author Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
Mahin Amini
Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini
Shima Khashij
Farzad Jalilian
author_facet Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
Mahin Amini
Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini
Shima Khashij
Farzad Jalilian
author_sort Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
collection DOAJ
description Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant public health concern and has caused numerous unfortunate deaths. The Pap smear (PS) test is a widely-recognized and affordable screening technique used to detect cervical cancer at an early stage. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the inequality in cervical cancer screening uptake. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 774 married 30–37 women selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. They were living in Kermanshah City, Iran, in 2019. Their socioeconomic status was evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA) and was shown by the index and curve of concentration of socioeconomic inequality in PS. The obtained data were analyzed using the chi-square, t-test, logistic regression, and compensation statistical tests. Results: The mean age of participants was 45.42±10.66 years. About 43.9% of women had education levels under a diploma. Also, 89.3% of women were married, and 58.1% had already done a PS test at least once. In addition, 26.5% of women had a regular PS test uptake. The concentration index for PS test uptake was 0.062 (P=0.115). Education level (OR=1.181, 95% CI; 1.022, 1.364, P=0.024) and a positive family history of cervical cancer (OR=3.591, 95% CI; 1.811, 7.120, P=0.001) had significant impacts on regular PS uptake. Conclusion: A person’s level of education and family history of cervical cancer were the most critical factors for getting regular PS test uptake. Furthermore, the concentration index showed that the frequency of PS test uptake was slightly higher in the rich group. Focusing interventions on less educated and disadvantaged women may provide useful insights to promote PS test uptake, thereby reducing inequalities. Moreover, using fear appeal strategies to promote PS test uptake may be beneficial.
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spelling doaj-art-9feb80e14cbf4ddd96e1059f300445522025-08-20T04:02:28ZengGuilan University of Medical SciencesJournal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery2588-37122588-37202024-06-01343254261Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake InequalityMehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh0Mahin Amini1Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini2Shima Khashij3Farzad Jalilian4 Associate Professor, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. MSc in Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Assistant Professor, Ministry of Health and Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. MSc in Natural Resources Engineering, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Associate Professor, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant public health concern and has caused numerous unfortunate deaths. The Pap smear (PS) test is a widely-recognized and affordable screening technique used to detect cervical cancer at an early stage. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the inequality in cervical cancer screening uptake. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 774 married 30–37 women selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. They were living in Kermanshah City, Iran, in 2019. Their socioeconomic status was evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA) and was shown by the index and curve of concentration of socioeconomic inequality in PS. The obtained data were analyzed using the chi-square, t-test, logistic regression, and compensation statistical tests. Results: The mean age of participants was 45.42±10.66 years. About 43.9% of women had education levels under a diploma. Also, 89.3% of women were married, and 58.1% had already done a PS test at least once. In addition, 26.5% of women had a regular PS test uptake. The concentration index for PS test uptake was 0.062 (P=0.115). Education level (OR=1.181, 95% CI; 1.022, 1.364, P=0.024) and a positive family history of cervical cancer (OR=3.591, 95% CI; 1.811, 7.120, P=0.001) had significant impacts on regular PS uptake. Conclusion: A person’s level of education and family history of cervical cancer were the most critical factors for getting regular PS test uptake. Furthermore, the concentration index showed that the frequency of PS test uptake was slightly higher in the rich group. Focusing interventions on less educated and disadvantaged women may provide useful insights to promote PS test uptake, thereby reducing inequalities. Moreover, using fear appeal strategies to promote PS test uptake may be beneficial.http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-2374-en.pdfpapanicolaou testearly detection of cancerhealth inequities
spellingShingle Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
Mahin Amini
Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini
Shima Khashij
Farzad Jalilian
Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery
papanicolaou test
early detection of cancer
health inequities
title Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
title_full Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
title_fullStr Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
title_full_unstemmed Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
title_short Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Inequality
title_sort cervical cancer screening uptake inequality
topic papanicolaou test
early detection of cancer
health inequities
url http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-2374-en.pdf
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AT mahinamini cervicalcancerscreeninguptakeinequality
AT seyyednasrollahhosseini cervicalcancerscreeninguptakeinequality
AT shimakhashij cervicalcancerscreeninguptakeinequality
AT farzadjalilian cervicalcancerscreeninguptakeinequality