Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish

Abstract The investigation was done to determine toxicity tolerance level of ammonia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the fresh water fish model and find out the indicative changes in behavioural patterns to identify ammoniacal toxicant induced stress. For this, adult age-matched zebrafish were exposed...

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Main Authors: Nabajit Mondal, Jaspreet Kaur, Anirban Ghosh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-06-01
Series:Discover Toxicology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44339-025-00028-8
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author Nabajit Mondal
Jaspreet Kaur
Anirban Ghosh
author_facet Nabajit Mondal
Jaspreet Kaur
Anirban Ghosh
author_sort Nabajit Mondal
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The investigation was done to determine toxicity tolerance level of ammonia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the fresh water fish model and find out the indicative changes in behavioural patterns to identify ammoniacal toxicant induced stress. For this, adult age-matched zebrafish were exposed to 0.1 mg/L to 5 mg/L conc. of NH3 consecutively for 96 h. When measured under bioavailable NH3 fixed for the experimental groups, LC50 value was 0.89 mg NH3/l under repetitive exposure which was confirmed by Kaplan–Meier curve showing cumulative survival > 0.6 at 72 h but < 0.4 at 96 h for 1 mg/L NH3 repetitive exposure. Quantitative behavioural analysis showed increasing NH3 conc. and consecutive exposure decreased playing behaviour from ~ 60% to 30% for sub-acute toxicity and to 5% and less for acute toxicity of NH3, whereas increased stress movement from 15–20% to 25–35% for sub-acute and > 90% for acute toxicity. Other significant shifts of behaviour identified that playing, feeding, aggression and stress movements are the key indicative behaviours under ammoniacal stress. Continued contamination of unionized ammonia was found less tolerant to fish and acute to sub-acute levels were reflected though shift of specific behavioural attributes.
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spelling doaj-art-9fad06cf06764fafbacd3800534a37692025-08-20T03:03:20ZengSpringer NatureDiscover Toxicology3004-88932025-06-012111410.1007/s44339-025-00028-8Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in ZebrafishNabajit Mondal0Jaspreet Kaur1Anirban Ghosh2Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Kalyani Regional Centre – Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU)Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Kalyani Regional Centre – Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU)Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Kalyani Regional Centre – Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU)Abstract The investigation was done to determine toxicity tolerance level of ammonia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the fresh water fish model and find out the indicative changes in behavioural patterns to identify ammoniacal toxicant induced stress. For this, adult age-matched zebrafish were exposed to 0.1 mg/L to 5 mg/L conc. of NH3 consecutively for 96 h. When measured under bioavailable NH3 fixed for the experimental groups, LC50 value was 0.89 mg NH3/l under repetitive exposure which was confirmed by Kaplan–Meier curve showing cumulative survival > 0.6 at 72 h but < 0.4 at 96 h for 1 mg/L NH3 repetitive exposure. Quantitative behavioural analysis showed increasing NH3 conc. and consecutive exposure decreased playing behaviour from ~ 60% to 30% for sub-acute toxicity and to 5% and less for acute toxicity of NH3, whereas increased stress movement from 15–20% to 25–35% for sub-acute and > 90% for acute toxicity. Other significant shifts of behaviour identified that playing, feeding, aggression and stress movements are the key indicative behaviours under ammoniacal stress. Continued contamination of unionized ammonia was found less tolerant to fish and acute to sub-acute levels were reflected though shift of specific behavioural attributes.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44339-025-00028-8ToxicityAmmoniaZebrafishLC50BehaviourPlaying
spellingShingle Nabajit Mondal
Jaspreet Kaur
Anirban Ghosh
Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
Discover Toxicology
Toxicity
Ammonia
Zebrafish
LC50
Behaviour
Playing
title Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
title_full Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
title_fullStr Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
title_full_unstemmed Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
title_short Ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in Zebrafish
title_sort ammonia toxicity tolerance and behavioural response in zebrafish
topic Toxicity
Ammonia
Zebrafish
LC50
Behaviour
Playing
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44339-025-00028-8
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