Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals
This paper presents an optimized long-wave (10–300 kHz) wideband direction-finding system for scientific research. The antenna unit of the system comprises one vertical electric field sensor and two horizontal magnetic field sensors oriented in the north–south and east–west directions, respectively....
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2025-02-01
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| author | Hangyu Lu Shun Wang Xin Xu Yicai Ji Xiaojun Liu |
| author_facet | Hangyu Lu Shun Wang Xin Xu Yicai Ji Xiaojun Liu |
| author_sort | Hangyu Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents an optimized long-wave (10–300 kHz) wideband direction-finding system for scientific research. The antenna unit of the system comprises one vertical electric field sensor and two horizontal magnetic field sensors oriented in the north–south and east–west directions, respectively. The overall design prioritizes compactness, engineering feasibility, and ease of deployment, enabling the effective reception of long-wave radio signals within the 10–300 kHz range. The magnetic field sensitivity reaches <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>8</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>f</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mi>Hz</mi></msqrt><mo>@</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>kHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, while the electric field sensitivity achieves <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.2</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mi>Hz</mi></msqrt><mo>@</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>kHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The overall sensitivity of the receiver is <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (300 Hz bandwidth, 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio). The synchronization accuracy of the system is within 10 ns. Theoretically, with a baseline length of 5 km and a signal incidence angle ranging from 9.9° to 170.1°, the direction finding error is less than 2°. Additionally, direction-finding methods for MSK and ASK modulated signals are analyzed. To evaluate the system’s actual performance, initial measurements were conducted in Qingdao, Shandong. |
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| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9f8c8a21d85f40d8acb500a2ea9d451b2025-08-20T02:05:23ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-02-01155257010.3390/app15052570Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation SignalsHangyu Lu0Shun Wang1Xin Xu2Yicai Ji3Xiaojun Liu4Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, ChinaKey Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, ChinaKey Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, ChinaKey Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, ChinaKey Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, ChinaThis paper presents an optimized long-wave (10–300 kHz) wideband direction-finding system for scientific research. The antenna unit of the system comprises one vertical electric field sensor and two horizontal magnetic field sensors oriented in the north–south and east–west directions, respectively. The overall design prioritizes compactness, engineering feasibility, and ease of deployment, enabling the effective reception of long-wave radio signals within the 10–300 kHz range. The magnetic field sensitivity reaches <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>8</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>f</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mi>Hz</mi></msqrt><mo>@</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>kHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, while the electric field sensitivity achieves <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.2</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><msqrt><mi>Hz</mi></msqrt><mo>@</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>kHz</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The overall sensitivity of the receiver is <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (300 Hz bandwidth, 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio). The synchronization accuracy of the system is within 10 ns. Theoretically, with a baseline length of 5 km and a signal incidence angle ranging from 9.9° to 170.1°, the direction finding error is less than 2°. Additionally, direction-finding methods for MSK and ASK modulated signals are analyzed. To evaluate the system’s actual performance, initial measurements were conducted in Qingdao, Shandong.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/5/2570long-wave wideband direction-findingelectrical and electronic instruments and componentsreceiverMSK modulationASK modulation |
| spellingShingle | Hangyu Lu Shun Wang Xin Xu Yicai Ji Xiaojun Liu Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals Applied Sciences long-wave wideband direction-finding electrical and electronic instruments and components receiver MSK modulation ASK modulation |
| title | Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals |
| title_full | Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals |
| title_fullStr | Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals |
| title_short | Compact Multi-Channel Long-Wave Wideband Direction-Finding System and Direction-Finding Analysis for Different Modulation Signals |
| title_sort | compact multi channel long wave wideband direction finding system and direction finding analysis for different modulation signals |
| topic | long-wave wideband direction-finding electrical and electronic instruments and components receiver MSK modulation ASK modulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/5/2570 |
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