Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh

IntroductionPoultry raised with antibiotic prophylaxis are significant reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Improper disposal of poultry wastes is common in developing countries, increasing the risk of spreading ESBL-E. Previous studies largely focused on...

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Main Authors: Mohammed Badrul Amin, Kazi Injamamul Hoque, Ajrin Sultana Sraboni, Omar Faruk Bhuiyan, Tanjin Tamanna Happy, Munirul Alam, Dinesh Mondal, Mohammad Aminul Islam
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1560890/full
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author Mohammed Badrul Amin
Kazi Injamamul Hoque
Ajrin Sultana Sraboni
Omar Faruk Bhuiyan
Tanjin Tamanna Happy
Munirul Alam
Dinesh Mondal
Mohammad Aminul Islam
author_facet Mohammed Badrul Amin
Kazi Injamamul Hoque
Ajrin Sultana Sraboni
Omar Faruk Bhuiyan
Tanjin Tamanna Happy
Munirul Alam
Dinesh Mondal
Mohammad Aminul Islam
author_sort Mohammed Badrul Amin
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionPoultry raised with antibiotic prophylaxis are significant reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Improper disposal of poultry wastes is common in developing countries, increasing the risk of spreading ESBL-E. Previous studies largely focused on ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry, overlooking other Enterobacterales and dead birds.MethodsBetween December 2019 and June 2021, this study investigated 220 fecal samples collected from 55 freshly slaughtered and 55 dead birds in urban live bird markets and rural poultry farms in Bangladesh for detection and enumeration of ESBL-E.ResultsOverall 68% (n = 150) samples were positive for ESBL-E, with a significantly higher prevalence in urban live-bird markets (88%, n = 97) than rural poultry farms (48%, n = 53; p < 0.01, OR = 7.25, 95% CI: 3.77–14.71) and slightly higher in dead (n = 81, 74%) than live birds (n = 69, 63%). ESBL-producing E. coli was most common (66%, n = 146), followed by ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%, n = 22), Raoultella terrigena (3%, n = 7) and Enterobacter spp. (3% n = 6). The abundance of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in urban live-bird markets than rural poultry farms (3.9 vs. 2.0 log10 CFU/g; p < 0.001, Cliff's Delta = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40–0.65) and in dead than live birds (3.4 vs. 2.2 log10 CFU/g; p < 0.01, Cliff's Delta = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08–0.38). The abundance of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and R. terrigena (1.6–1.8 log10 CFU/g) showed no significant difference between urban live-bird markets and rural poultry farms or between live and dead birds. A higher proportion of ESBL-E from urban live bird markets were resistant to 10 out of 11 antibiotic classes, compared to those from rural poultry farms (p < 0.05). Further, ESBL-E isolates from dead birds showed higher resistance to aminoglycosides, glycylcyclines, and penicillins+β-lactamase inhibitors than isolates from live birds (p < 0.05). Overall, 65% of isolates were resistant to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, and monobactams, while 2% were carbapenem-resistant. The prevalence of multi-drug resistant E. coli was higher in urban live bird markets (86%, n = 95) than rural poultry farms (45%, n = 49; p < 0.01). Among 181 ESBL-E, blaTEM (62%, n = 114) was the most prevalent, followed by blaCTX − M−group (17%, n = 32) and blaSHV (12%, n = 22).DiscussionThe widespread ESBL-E in poultry underscores the urgent need for improved biosecurity and waste management across the poultry supply chain.
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spelling doaj-art-9f698722d4464d3d9e4524634daf4c4a2025-08-20T03:50:53ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-07-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.15608901560890Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of BangladeshMohammed Badrul Amin0Kazi Injamamul Hoque1Ajrin Sultana Sraboni2Omar Faruk Bhuiyan3Tanjin Tamanna Happy4Munirul Alam5Dinesh Mondal6Mohammad Aminul Islam7Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshLaboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshLaboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshLaboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshLaboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshInfectious Disease Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshLaboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Nutrition Research Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, BangladeshPaul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United StatesIntroductionPoultry raised with antibiotic prophylaxis are significant reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Improper disposal of poultry wastes is common in developing countries, increasing the risk of spreading ESBL-E. Previous studies largely focused on ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry, overlooking other Enterobacterales and dead birds.MethodsBetween December 2019 and June 2021, this study investigated 220 fecal samples collected from 55 freshly slaughtered and 55 dead birds in urban live bird markets and rural poultry farms in Bangladesh for detection and enumeration of ESBL-E.ResultsOverall 68% (n = 150) samples were positive for ESBL-E, with a significantly higher prevalence in urban live-bird markets (88%, n = 97) than rural poultry farms (48%, n = 53; p < 0.01, OR = 7.25, 95% CI: 3.77–14.71) and slightly higher in dead (n = 81, 74%) than live birds (n = 69, 63%). ESBL-producing E. coli was most common (66%, n = 146), followed by ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%, n = 22), Raoultella terrigena (3%, n = 7) and Enterobacter spp. (3% n = 6). The abundance of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in urban live-bird markets than rural poultry farms (3.9 vs. 2.0 log10 CFU/g; p < 0.001, Cliff's Delta = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40–0.65) and in dead than live birds (3.4 vs. 2.2 log10 CFU/g; p < 0.01, Cliff's Delta = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08–0.38). The abundance of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and R. terrigena (1.6–1.8 log10 CFU/g) showed no significant difference between urban live-bird markets and rural poultry farms or between live and dead birds. A higher proportion of ESBL-E from urban live bird markets were resistant to 10 out of 11 antibiotic classes, compared to those from rural poultry farms (p < 0.05). Further, ESBL-E isolates from dead birds showed higher resistance to aminoglycosides, glycylcyclines, and penicillins+β-lactamase inhibitors than isolates from live birds (p < 0.05). Overall, 65% of isolates were resistant to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, and monobactams, while 2% were carbapenem-resistant. The prevalence of multi-drug resistant E. coli was higher in urban live bird markets (86%, n = 95) than rural poultry farms (45%, n = 49; p < 0.01). Among 181 ESBL-E, blaTEM (62%, n = 114) was the most prevalent, followed by blaCTX − M−group (17%, n = 32) and blaSHV (12%, n = 22).DiscussionThe widespread ESBL-E in poultry underscores the urgent need for improved biosecurity and waste management across the poultry supply chain.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1560890/fullESBLEnterobacteraleslive bird marketsrural poultry farmsdead birdslive birds
spellingShingle Mohammed Badrul Amin
Kazi Injamamul Hoque
Ajrin Sultana Sraboni
Omar Faruk Bhuiyan
Tanjin Tamanna Happy
Munirul Alam
Dinesh Mondal
Mohammad Aminul Islam
Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
Frontiers in Microbiology
ESBL
Enterobacterales
live bird markets
rural poultry farms
dead birds
live birds
title Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
title_full Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
title_fullStr Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
title_full_unstemmed Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
title_short Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh
title_sort extended spectrum β lactamase producing enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of bangladesh
topic ESBL
Enterobacterales
live bird markets
rural poultry farms
dead birds
live birds
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1560890/full
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