Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021
Abstract Background Worldwide, ischemic heart disease is less prevalent in women than in men, but this gap has narrowed in recent decades. This study aims to evaluate trends and gender differences in the global burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) across demographics and regions from 1990 to 2021....
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04770-0 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850206599009796096 |
|---|---|
| author | Mehrdad Mahalleh Roozbeh Narimani-Javid Kasra Izadpanahi Reza Eshraghi Kiyarash Behboodi Arian Afzalian Anahita Hashempoor Rosy Thachil Heidi May Abdul Waheed Wilbert S Aronow Hamidreza Soleimani Kaveh Hosseini |
| author_facet | Mehrdad Mahalleh Roozbeh Narimani-Javid Kasra Izadpanahi Reza Eshraghi Kiyarash Behboodi Arian Afzalian Anahita Hashempoor Rosy Thachil Heidi May Abdul Waheed Wilbert S Aronow Hamidreza Soleimani Kaveh Hosseini |
| author_sort | Mehrdad Mahalleh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Worldwide, ischemic heart disease is less prevalent in women than in men, but this gap has narrowed in recent decades. This study aims to evaluate trends and gender differences in the global burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) across demographics and regions from 1990 to 2021. Methods We utilized the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study from 1990 to 2021. The standard epidemiological measurements, including incidence, prevalence, mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), were obtained to estimate the burden of IHD concerning age, sex, and the sociodemographic index, allowing for comparisons over time. Results The sex parity ratio (SPR), defined as the ratio of females to males, has increased globally. The SPR of age-standardized prevalence (ASPR) and age-standardized incidence (ASIR) rose from 0.610 to 0.631 in 1990 to 0.653 and 0.670 in 2021, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the SPRs for ASPR and ASIR of IHD increased across all age groups. However, the SPRs for the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and the age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) of IHD declined. This decrease in the SPR for both ASMR and ASDR of IHD was observed in most regions of this study. Conclusions While progress has been made in reducing the burden of IHD, the increasing sex disparities in specific regions and age groups emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, adaptive health policies, and sex-specific healthcare practices to ensure equitable health outcomes for all populations. Clinical trial number not applicable. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9f3e7c5415d040d796746a63487c0a21 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-2261 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders |
| spelling | doaj-art-9f3e7c5415d040d796746a63487c0a212025-08-20T02:10:46ZengBMCBMC Cardiovascular Disorders1471-22612025-05-0125111510.1186/s12872-025-04770-0Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021Mehrdad Mahalleh0Roozbeh Narimani-Javid1Kasra Izadpanahi2Reza Eshraghi3Kiyarash Behboodi4Arian Afzalian5Anahita Hashempoor6Rosy Thachil7Heidi May8Abdul Waheed9Wilbert S Aronow10Hamidreza Soleimani11Kaveh Hosseini12Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesResearch Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesClinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesCardiology, New York City Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, Mount Sinai School of MedicineIntermountain Medical Center Heart and Vascular Clinical ProgramFamily and Community Medicine, WellSpan Good Samaritan HospitalDepartment of Medicine, Westchester Medical CenterTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background Worldwide, ischemic heart disease is less prevalent in women than in men, but this gap has narrowed in recent decades. This study aims to evaluate trends and gender differences in the global burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) across demographics and regions from 1990 to 2021. Methods We utilized the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study from 1990 to 2021. The standard epidemiological measurements, including incidence, prevalence, mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), were obtained to estimate the burden of IHD concerning age, sex, and the sociodemographic index, allowing for comparisons over time. Results The sex parity ratio (SPR), defined as the ratio of females to males, has increased globally. The SPR of age-standardized prevalence (ASPR) and age-standardized incidence (ASIR) rose from 0.610 to 0.631 in 1990 to 0.653 and 0.670 in 2021, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the SPRs for ASPR and ASIR of IHD increased across all age groups. However, the SPRs for the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and the age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) of IHD declined. This decrease in the SPR for both ASMR and ASDR of IHD was observed in most regions of this study. Conclusions While progress has been made in reducing the burden of IHD, the increasing sex disparities in specific regions and age groups emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, adaptive health policies, and sex-specific healthcare practices to ensure equitable health outcomes for all populations. Clinical trial number not applicable.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04770-0Ischemic heart diseaseCoronary artery diseaseGlobal burden of diseaseSex disparity |
| spellingShingle | Mehrdad Mahalleh Roozbeh Narimani-Javid Kasra Izadpanahi Reza Eshraghi Kiyarash Behboodi Arian Afzalian Anahita Hashempoor Rosy Thachil Heidi May Abdul Waheed Wilbert S Aronow Hamidreza Soleimani Kaveh Hosseini Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 BMC Cardiovascular Disorders Ischemic heart disease Coronary artery disease Global burden of disease Sex disparity |
| title | Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 |
| title_full | Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 |
| title_fullStr | Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 |
| title_short | Hearts apart: exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease; a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021 |
| title_sort | hearts apart exploring sex disparity in the global and regional burden of ischemic heart disease a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 1990 2021 |
| topic | Ischemic heart disease Coronary artery disease Global burden of disease Sex disparity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04770-0 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mehrdadmahalleh heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT roozbehnarimanijavid heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT kasraizadpanahi heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT rezaeshraghi heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT kiyarashbehboodi heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT arianafzalian heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT anahitahashempoor heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT rosythachil heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT heidimay heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT abdulwaheed heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT wilbertsaronow heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT hamidrezasoleimani heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 AT kavehhosseini heartsapartexploringsexdisparityintheglobalandregionalburdenofischemicheartdiseaseasystematicanalysisfromtheglobalburdenofdiseasestudy19902021 |