Levamisole, as a viral vaccine adjuvant, induces robust host defense through the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses

Levamisole, as a viral vaccine adjuvant, induces robust host defense through the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses

IntroductionAn effective vaccination policy must be implemented to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, the currently used vaccines for FMD have several limitations, including induction of humoral rather than cellular immune responses.MethodsTo overcome these shortcomings, we assessed the...

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Main Authors: Gang Sik Kim, Dong Yun Kwak, Hyeong Won Kim, Seokwon Shin, Mi-Kyeong Ko, Seong Yun Hwang, So Hui Park, Dong Hyeon Kim, Jong-Hyeon Park, Su-Mi Kim, Min Ja Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-01-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
Subjects:
levamisole
vaccine adjuvant
host defense
immunomodulation
innate and adaptive immunity
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1493561/full
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