SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection

Abstract This paper presents a novel anomaly and outlier detection algorithm from the SPINEX (Similarity-based Predictions with Explainable Neighbors Exploration) family. This algorithm leverages the concept of similarity and higher-order interactions across multiple subspaces to identify outliers....

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Main Authors: M. Z. Naser, Ahmad Z. Naser
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Big Data
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01122-9
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author M. Z. Naser
Ahmad Z. Naser
author_facet M. Z. Naser
Ahmad Z. Naser
author_sort M. Z. Naser
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This paper presents a novel anomaly and outlier detection algorithm from the SPINEX (Similarity-based Predictions with Explainable Neighbors Exploration) family. This algorithm leverages the concept of similarity and higher-order interactions across multiple subspaces to identify outliers. A comprehensive set of experiments was conducted to evaluate the performance of SPINEX. This algorithm was examined against 21 commonly used anomaly detection algorithms, and across 39 synthetic and real datasets from various domains and of a variety of dimensions and complexities. Furthermore, a complexity analysis was carried out to examine the complexity of the proposed algorithm. Our results demonstrate that SPINEX achieves superior performance, outperforms commonly used anomaly detection algorithms, and has moderate complexity (e.g., O(n log n × d)). More specifically, SPINEX was found to rank at the top of algorithms on the synthetic datasets and the 7th on the real datasets. Finally, a demonstration of the explainability capabilities of SPINEX, along with future research needs, is presented.
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institution OA Journals
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spelling doaj-art-9f29ea12d22e441e85ac0437b1034b392025-08-20T01:54:22ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Big Data2196-11152025-04-0112115510.1186/s40537-025-01122-9SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detectionM. Z. Naser0Ahmad Z. Naser1School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences (SCEEES), Clemson UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of ManitobaAbstract This paper presents a novel anomaly and outlier detection algorithm from the SPINEX (Similarity-based Predictions with Explainable Neighbors Exploration) family. This algorithm leverages the concept of similarity and higher-order interactions across multiple subspaces to identify outliers. A comprehensive set of experiments was conducted to evaluate the performance of SPINEX. This algorithm was examined against 21 commonly used anomaly detection algorithms, and across 39 synthetic and real datasets from various domains and of a variety of dimensions and complexities. Furthermore, a complexity analysis was carried out to examine the complexity of the proposed algorithm. Our results demonstrate that SPINEX achieves superior performance, outperforms commonly used anomaly detection algorithms, and has moderate complexity (e.g., O(n log n × d)). More specifically, SPINEX was found to rank at the top of algorithms on the synthetic datasets and the 7th on the real datasets. Finally, a demonstration of the explainability capabilities of SPINEX, along with future research needs, is presented.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01122-9AlgorithmMachine learningBenchmarkingAnomaly detection
spellingShingle M. Z. Naser
Ahmad Z. Naser
SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
Journal of Big Data
Algorithm
Machine learning
Benchmarking
Anomaly detection
title SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
title_full SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
title_fullStr SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
title_full_unstemmed SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
title_short SPINEX-anomaly: similarity-based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
title_sort spinex anomaly similarity based predictions with explainable neighbors exploration for anomaly and outlier detection
topic Algorithm
Machine learning
Benchmarking
Anomaly detection
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01122-9
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AT ahmadznaser spinexanomalysimilaritybasedpredictionswithexplainableneighborsexplorationforanomalyandoutlierdetection