The 3D theory of osseointegration: material, topography, and time as interdependent determinants of bone–implant integration
Abstract Despite widespread clinical success of dental implants, several fundamental questions remain unresolved: How does osseointegration—a biological phenomenon distinct from conventional bone healing—actually occur? Why does bone–implant contact never reach 100%? Why has there been minimal innov...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2025-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Implant Dentistry |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-025-00639-1 |
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