Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects

Abstract The burgeoning field of the microbiome–gut–brain axis has inspired research into how the gut microbiome can affect human emotion. Probiotics offer ways to investigate microbial-based interventions but results have been mixed, with more evidence of beneficial effects in clinically depressed...

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Main Authors: Katerina V.-A. Johnson, Laura Steenbergen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:npj Mental Health Research
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00123-z
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author Katerina V.-A. Johnson
Laura Steenbergen
author_facet Katerina V.-A. Johnson
Laura Steenbergen
author_sort Katerina V.-A. Johnson
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The burgeoning field of the microbiome–gut–brain axis has inspired research into how the gut microbiome can affect human emotion. Probiotics offer ways to investigate microbial-based interventions but results have been mixed, with more evidence of beneficial effects in clinically depressed patients. Using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design in 88 healthy volunteers, we conduct a comprehensive study into effects of a multispecies probiotic on emotion regulation and mood through questionnaires, emotional processing tests and daily reports. We find clear evidence that probiotics reduce negative mood, starting after two weeks, based on daily monitoring, but few other changes. Our findings reconcile inconsistencies of previous studies, revealing that commonly used pre- versus post-intervention assessments cannot reliably detect probiotic-induced changes in healthy subjects’ emotional state. We conclude that probiotics can benefit mental health in the general population and identify traits of individuals who derive greatest benefit, allowing future targeting of at-risk individuals.
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spelling doaj-art-9f1301f0e60648aaa07c0e15fc5910b92025-08-20T02:28:04ZengNature Portfolionpj Mental Health Research2731-42512025-04-01411910.1038/s44184-025-00123-zProbiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effectsKaterina V.-A. Johnson0Laura Steenbergen1Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Institute of PsychologyClinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Institute of PsychologyAbstract The burgeoning field of the microbiome–gut–brain axis has inspired research into how the gut microbiome can affect human emotion. Probiotics offer ways to investigate microbial-based interventions but results have been mixed, with more evidence of beneficial effects in clinically depressed patients. Using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design in 88 healthy volunteers, we conduct a comprehensive study into effects of a multispecies probiotic on emotion regulation and mood through questionnaires, emotional processing tests and daily reports. We find clear evidence that probiotics reduce negative mood, starting after two weeks, based on daily monitoring, but few other changes. Our findings reconcile inconsistencies of previous studies, revealing that commonly used pre- versus post-intervention assessments cannot reliably detect probiotic-induced changes in healthy subjects’ emotional state. We conclude that probiotics can benefit mental health in the general population and identify traits of individuals who derive greatest benefit, allowing future targeting of at-risk individuals.https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00123-z
spellingShingle Katerina V.-A. Johnson
Laura Steenbergen
Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
npj Mental Health Research
title Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
title_full Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
title_fullStr Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
title_full_unstemmed Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
title_short Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
title_sort probiotics reduce negative mood over time the value of daily self reports in detecting effects
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00123-z
work_keys_str_mv AT katerinavajohnson probioticsreducenegativemoodovertimethevalueofdailyselfreportsindetectingeffects
AT laurasteenbergen probioticsreducenegativemoodovertimethevalueofdailyselfreportsindetectingeffects