Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort
Background Abnormal birth weight and infant weight gain are recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Exercise testing can detect subtle differences in cardiovascular function not present at rest. We examined associations of fetal and infant growth...
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| Format: | Article |
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Wiley
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.039685 |
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| author | Arwen S. J. Kamphuis Alexander Hirsch Dimitris Rizopoulos Ricardo P. J. Budde Arno A. W. Roest Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Romy Gaillard |
| author_facet | Arwen S. J. Kamphuis Alexander Hirsch Dimitris Rizopoulos Ricardo P. J. Budde Arno A. W. Roest Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Romy Gaillard |
| author_sort | Arwen S. J. Kamphuis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Abnormal birth weight and infant weight gain are recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Exercise testing can detect subtle differences in cardiovascular function not present at rest. We examined associations of fetal and infant growth with the cardiovascular stress response in adolescence. Methods We examined a subsample of 207 children from a population‐based prospective cohort from fetal life onwards. Fetal and infant growth were assessed from the second trimester to 2 years. At 16 years, participants performed an isometric handgrip exercise with continuous heart rate and blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Results Children showed a clear peak in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise, followed by a decrease below baseline after exercise cessation, before stabilizing. Higher gestational age was associated with lower systolic blood pressure throughout the exercise (differences per SD score increase in gestational age: rest, −2.24 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.23 to −0.25 mm Hg], peak exercise (−2.37 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.70 to −0.04 mm Hg]), recovery (−2.57 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.72 to −0.42 mm Hg])) but not with heart rate or CMR outcomes. No consistent associations were present for birth weight or infant growth with the cardiovascular stress response. Conclusions A lower gestational age at birth is associated with an altered response to exercise in systolic blood pressure. Fetal or infant growth is not associated with differences in cardiovascular response to exercise‐induced stress in adolescence in a relatively healthy population. Follow‐up of children born preterm is important to enable early identification and prevention of cardiovascular disease development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9efa452b5ded41f293951c8a61c6c01d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2047-9980 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease |
| spelling | doaj-art-9efa452b5ded41f293951c8a61c6c01d2025-08-20T03:30:20ZengWileyJournal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease2047-99802025-07-01141410.1161/JAHA.124.039685Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based CohortArwen S. J. Kamphuis0Alexander Hirsch1Dimitris Rizopoulos2Ricardo P. J. Budde3Arno A. W. Roest4Vincent W. V. Jaddoe5Romy Gaillard6The Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsDepartment of Cardiology Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsDepartment of Biostatistics & Epidemiology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatrics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The NetherlandsThe Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsThe Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The NetherlandsBackground Abnormal birth weight and infant weight gain are recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Exercise testing can detect subtle differences in cardiovascular function not present at rest. We examined associations of fetal and infant growth with the cardiovascular stress response in adolescence. Methods We examined a subsample of 207 children from a population‐based prospective cohort from fetal life onwards. Fetal and infant growth were assessed from the second trimester to 2 years. At 16 years, participants performed an isometric handgrip exercise with continuous heart rate and blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Results Children showed a clear peak in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise, followed by a decrease below baseline after exercise cessation, before stabilizing. Higher gestational age was associated with lower systolic blood pressure throughout the exercise (differences per SD score increase in gestational age: rest, −2.24 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.23 to −0.25 mm Hg], peak exercise (−2.37 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.70 to −0.04 mm Hg]), recovery (−2.57 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.72 to −0.42 mm Hg])) but not with heart rate or CMR outcomes. No consistent associations were present for birth weight or infant growth with the cardiovascular stress response. Conclusions A lower gestational age at birth is associated with an altered response to exercise in systolic blood pressure. Fetal or infant growth is not associated with differences in cardiovascular response to exercise‐induced stress in adolescence in a relatively healthy population. Follow‐up of children born preterm is important to enable early identification and prevention of cardiovascular disease development.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.039685birth weightcardiac MRIcardiovascular stress responsefetal growthinfant growth |
| spellingShingle | Arwen S. J. Kamphuis Alexander Hirsch Dimitris Rizopoulos Ricardo P. J. Budde Arno A. W. Roest Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Romy Gaillard Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease birth weight cardiac MRI cardiovascular stress response fetal growth infant growth |
| title | Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort |
| title_full | Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort |
| title_fullStr | Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort |
| title_short | Fetal and Infant Growth and the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Adolescence: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Pediatric Population‐Based Cohort |
| title_sort | fetal and infant growth and the cardiovascular stress response in adolescence a cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study in a pediatric population based cohort |
| topic | birth weight cardiac MRI cardiovascular stress response fetal growth infant growth |
| url | https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.039685 |
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