Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions
One of the characteristics of a dynamical black hole is the apparent horizon. Initially it was assumed that this surface is spacelike. However, further studies have shown that it can be both and null and timelike. Recent studies of the black hole shadow have demonstrated the connection between energ...
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Elsevier
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Physics Letters B |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269325003685 |
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| author | Vitalii Vertogradov |
| author_facet | Vitalii Vertogradov |
| author_sort | Vitalii Vertogradov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the characteristics of a dynamical black hole is the apparent horizon. Initially it was assumed that this surface is spacelike. However, further studies have shown that it can be both and null and timelike. Recent studies of the black hole shadow have demonstrated the connection between energy conditions and the black hole shadow [6]. In this paper, we establish a connection between the behavior of the apparent horizon and energy conditions. We prove that the evaporation of regular black holes always leads to the formation of a horizonless object. We introduce notions of NEC horizon and prove that the apparent horizon can be null surface if and only if it coincides with the NEC horizon. We also prove that energy conditions can lead to a situation when the mass of the black hole grows and the apparent horizon decreases, which can open the way to the explanation of the information loss paradox. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9ef95f478a2a407f817f529ae52c4ebe |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0370-2693 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Physics Letters B |
| spelling | doaj-art-9ef95f478a2a407f817f529ae52c4ebe2025-08-20T03:21:51ZengElsevierPhysics Letters B0370-26932025-08-0186713960710.1016/j.physletb.2025.139607Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditionsVitalii Vertogradov0Physics Department, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 48 Moika Emb., Saint Petersburg 191186, Russia; Center for Theoretical Physics, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, Baku AZ-1096, Azerbaijan; SPB branch of SAO RAS, 65 Pulkovskoe Rd, Saint Petersburg 196140, Russia; Correspondence to: Physics Department, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 48 Moika Emb., Saint-Petersburg 191186, Russia.One of the characteristics of a dynamical black hole is the apparent horizon. Initially it was assumed that this surface is spacelike. However, further studies have shown that it can be both and null and timelike. Recent studies of the black hole shadow have demonstrated the connection between energy conditions and the black hole shadow [6]. In this paper, we establish a connection between the behavior of the apparent horizon and energy conditions. We prove that the evaporation of regular black holes always leads to the formation of a horizonless object. We introduce notions of NEC horizon and prove that the apparent horizon can be null surface if and only if it coincides with the NEC horizon. We also prove that energy conditions can lead to a situation when the mass of the black hole grows and the apparent horizon decreases, which can open the way to the explanation of the information loss paradox.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269325003685Dynamical black holeEnergy conditionsApparent horizonsBlack hole evaporationRegular black holeHorizonless objects |
| spellingShingle | Vitalii Vertogradov Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions Physics Letters B Dynamical black hole Energy conditions Apparent horizons Black hole evaporation Regular black hole Horizonless objects |
| title | Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| title_full | Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| title_fullStr | Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| title_short | Dynamical black holes: Apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| title_sort | dynamical black holes apparent horizon versus energy conditions |
| topic | Dynamical black hole Energy conditions Apparent horizons Black hole evaporation Regular black hole Horizonless objects |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269325003685 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vitaliivertogradov dynamicalblackholesapparenthorizonversusenergyconditions |