Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis
Spinal motor nerve root lesions can happen after avulsion or crush, generating acute motoneuron death and synaptic loss, consequently, causing motor and sensory dysfunctions. Local response is mediated by astroglial and microglial cells, giving rise to a pro-inflammatory profile. TEMPOL and DMF are...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Maria Fernanda Vannucci Balzani Lilian de Oliveira Coser Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira |
| author_facet | Maria Fernanda Vannucci Balzani Lilian de Oliveira Coser Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira |
| author_sort | Maria Fernanda Vannucci Balzani |
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| description | Spinal motor nerve root lesions can happen after avulsion or crush, generating acute motoneuron death and synaptic loss, consequently, causing motor and sensory dysfunctions. Local response is mediated by astroglial and microglial cells, giving rise to a pro-inflammatory profile. TEMPOL and DMF are drugs that have been studied in our laboratory after spinal cord nerve root injuries and have demonstrated significant results in terms of neuroprotection and immunomodulation, decreasing the inflammation process. In the present work, a flow cytometry approach was used to evaluate cellular responses to injury and immunomodulation. For this, injured animals received TEMPOL, DMF or vehicle once a day for 7, 14 or 28 days of treatment. Flow cytometry multiparametric analysis allowed the quantification of different pro- and anti-inflammatory glial, macrophage and lymphocyte markers. Contrasting with the vehicle treated counterpart, TEMPOL and DMF led to downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes and microglia subpopulations, but did not show significant results in increasing anti-inflammatory phenotypes. As for macrophage and lymphocyte subpopulations, both treatments showed a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Therefore, it was concluded that both drugs exhibit immunomodulatory action, contributing to a pro-regenerative profile in the tissue. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9ef846c937db474aacfe335dab5246f12025-08-20T02:33:38ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-04-0114547310.3390/biology14050473Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry AnalysisMaria Fernanda Vannucci Balzani0Lilian de Oliveira Coser1Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira2Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, SP, BrazilDepartment of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, SP, BrazilDepartment of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, SP, BrazilSpinal motor nerve root lesions can happen after avulsion or crush, generating acute motoneuron death and synaptic loss, consequently, causing motor and sensory dysfunctions. Local response is mediated by astroglial and microglial cells, giving rise to a pro-inflammatory profile. TEMPOL and DMF are drugs that have been studied in our laboratory after spinal cord nerve root injuries and have demonstrated significant results in terms of neuroprotection and immunomodulation, decreasing the inflammation process. In the present work, a flow cytometry approach was used to evaluate cellular responses to injury and immunomodulation. For this, injured animals received TEMPOL, DMF or vehicle once a day for 7, 14 or 28 days of treatment. Flow cytometry multiparametric analysis allowed the quantification of different pro- and anti-inflammatory glial, macrophage and lymphocyte markers. Contrasting with the vehicle treated counterpart, TEMPOL and DMF led to downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes and microglia subpopulations, but did not show significant results in increasing anti-inflammatory phenotypes. As for macrophage and lymphocyte subpopulations, both treatments showed a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Therefore, it was concluded that both drugs exhibit immunomodulatory action, contributing to a pro-regenerative profile in the tissue.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/5/473flow cytometryventral root lesionimmunoinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Maria Fernanda Vannucci Balzani Lilian de Oliveira Coser Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis Biology flow cytometry ventral root lesion immunoinflammation |
| title | Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis |
| title_full | Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis |
| title_short | Immunomodulation by 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) After Ventral Root Crush (VRC) in C57BL/6J Mice: A Flow Cytometry Analysis |
| title_sort | immunomodulation by 4 hydroxy tempo tempol and dimethyl fumarate dmf after ventral root crush vrc in c57bl 6j mice a flow cytometry analysis |
| topic | flow cytometry ventral root lesion immunoinflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/5/473 |
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