Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency
Wave Energy Converters (WECs) rely on effective Power Take-Off (PTO) control strategies to maximize energy absorption under dynamic sea conditions. Traditional hydrodynamic modeling techniques may require computationally intensive convolution calculations, making real-time control implementation cha...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4889 |
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| author | Inyong Kim Ted K. A. Brekken Solomon Yim Brian Johnson Yue Cao Pranav Chandran |
| author_facet | Inyong Kim Ted K. A. Brekken Solomon Yim Brian Johnson Yue Cao Pranav Chandran |
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| description | Wave Energy Converters (WECs) rely on effective Power Take-Off (PTO) control strategies to maximize energy absorption under dynamic sea conditions. Traditional hydrodynamic modeling techniques may require computationally intensive convolution calculations, making real-time control implementation challenging. This paper presents an alternative approach by leveraging instantaneous frequency estimation to dynamically adjust PTO damping in response to varying wave frequencies. Two real-time frequency estimation methods are explored: the Hilbert Transform (HT) and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). The Hilbert Transform method provides accurate frequency tracking but introduces a delayed response due to its dependence on causal data. Conversely, the PLL approach demonstrates strong potential in frequency tracking but requires careful gain tuning, particularly in complex sea states. Comparative evaluations across multiple test cases—including sinusoidal variations, amplitude steps, frequency step changes, and real-world JONSWAP spectrum waves—highlight the strengths and limitations of each method. The two different PTO control techniques across the various frequency estimation methods were tested under real-sea states using a state-space model of a point-absorbing Wave Energy Converter. The Capture Width Ratio (CWR) is used as a performance metric, with results showing that the HT achieves a 10.6% improvement, while the PLL estimation yields a 0.9% improvement relative to the fixed parameter control baseline. These results highlight the effectiveness of real-time frequency estimation in improving energy absorption compared to static control parameters. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9ee2cbcaff934c14a2e8c95c8313667b |
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| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9ee2cbcaff934c14a2e8c95c8313667b2025-08-20T02:24:47ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-04-01159488910.3390/app15094889Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous FrequencyInyong Kim0Ted K. A. Brekken1Solomon Yim2Brian Johnson3Yue Cao4Pranav Chandran5School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Civil, Architectural & Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78758, USASchool of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78758, USAWave Energy Converters (WECs) rely on effective Power Take-Off (PTO) control strategies to maximize energy absorption under dynamic sea conditions. Traditional hydrodynamic modeling techniques may require computationally intensive convolution calculations, making real-time control implementation challenging. This paper presents an alternative approach by leveraging instantaneous frequency estimation to dynamically adjust PTO damping in response to varying wave frequencies. Two real-time frequency estimation methods are explored: the Hilbert Transform (HT) and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). The Hilbert Transform method provides accurate frequency tracking but introduces a delayed response due to its dependence on causal data. Conversely, the PLL approach demonstrates strong potential in frequency tracking but requires careful gain tuning, particularly in complex sea states. Comparative evaluations across multiple test cases—including sinusoidal variations, amplitude steps, frequency step changes, and real-world JONSWAP spectrum waves—highlight the strengths and limitations of each method. The two different PTO control techniques across the various frequency estimation methods were tested under real-sea states using a state-space model of a point-absorbing Wave Energy Converter. The Capture Width Ratio (CWR) is used as a performance metric, with results showing that the HT achieves a 10.6% improvement, while the PLL estimation yields a 0.9% improvement relative to the fixed parameter control baseline. These results highlight the effectiveness of real-time frequency estimation in improving energy absorption compared to static control parameters.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4889WEC controlinstantaneous frequency estimationimpedance matchingcontrol optimizationmedian filter Hilbert transformphase-locked loop |
| spellingShingle | Inyong Kim Ted K. A. Brekken Solomon Yim Brian Johnson Yue Cao Pranav Chandran Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency Applied Sciences WEC control instantaneous frequency estimation impedance matching control optimization median filter Hilbert transform phase-locked loop |
| title | Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency |
| title_full | Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency |
| title_fullStr | Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency |
| title_full_unstemmed | Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency |
| title_short | Real-Time Wave Energy Converter Control Using Instantaneous Frequency |
| title_sort | real time wave energy converter control using instantaneous frequency |
| topic | WEC control instantaneous frequency estimation impedance matching control optimization median filter Hilbert transform phase-locked loop |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/4889 |
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