Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study
Abstract Background Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a pregnant woman becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) for the first time. Treatment typically involves antimicrobial medications, with spiramycin commonly used to prevent transmission. However, spiramycin's effectiveness is...
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BMC
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Tropical Medicine and Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00636-x |
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| author | Mitra Sadeghi Seyed Abdollah Hosseini Shahabeddin Sarvi Pedram Ebrahimnejad Hossein Asgaryan Omran Zohre Zare Shirzad Gholami Alireza Khalilian Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi Fatemeh Hajizadeh Mostafa Tork Ahmad Daryani Sargis A. Aghayan |
| author_facet | Mitra Sadeghi Seyed Abdollah Hosseini Shahabeddin Sarvi Pedram Ebrahimnejad Hossein Asgaryan Omran Zohre Zare Shirzad Gholami Alireza Khalilian Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi Fatemeh Hajizadeh Mostafa Tork Ahmad Daryani Sargis A. Aghayan |
| author_sort | Mitra Sadeghi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a pregnant woman becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) for the first time. Treatment typically involves antimicrobial medications, with spiramycin commonly used to prevent transmission. However, spiramycin's effectiveness is limited due to poor placental penetration. Clindamycin, another antibiotic, can cross the placenta but reaches the fetus at only half the maternal concentration. Encapsulating the drug in chitosan-coated niosomes (Cs-Nio) could enhance its effectiveness by targeting specific organs and ensuring sustained release. To address the challenges of using clindamycin, a niosome-coated chitosan system was investigated for treating congenital toxoplasmosis caused by the VEG strain of T. gondii in an animal model. Methods Pregnant mice were infected with VEG strain of T. gondii on the 12th day of pregnancy, followed by treatment with various drugs across six groups. The treatments included chitosan-coated niosomes loaded clindamycin (Cs-Nio-Cli) and other controls. Parasitological evaluations (microscopic examination and real-time PCR), along with histopathological and immunological assessments were conducted to assess treatment efficacy. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and SPSS 26, comparing test and control groups with T test and Mann–Whitney test. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study found that treatment with Cs-Nio-Cli significantly reduced the number of T. gondii cysts in the brain and eyes (97.59% and 92.68%, respectively) compared to the negative control group. It also mitigated inflammatory changes, prevented cell death, and reduced vascular cuffs in the brain. In addition, Cs-Nio-Cli treatment decreased bleeding, placental thrombosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the placenta while improving eye tissue health by reducing retinal folds and bleeds. Immunologically, nanoclindamycin treatment resulted in lower TNF-α cytokine levels and higher IL-10 levels, indicating an enhanced anti-inflammatory response. Conclusions Although Cs-Nio-Cli demonstrates promise in reducing the transmission of congenital toxoplasmosis and mitigating the effects of congenital toxoplasmosis, additional research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment regimens for the complete eradication of the parasite in the fetus. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9ec8ee82c3de4df2a3880e7e7d1bbfe7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1349-4147 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Tropical Medicine and Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-9ec8ee82c3de4df2a3880e7e7d1bbfe72025-08-20T01:50:39ZengBMCTropical Medicine and Health1349-41472024-09-0152111310.1186/s41182-024-00636-xEnhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental studyMitra Sadeghi0Seyed Abdollah Hosseini1Shahabeddin Sarvi2Pedram Ebrahimnejad3Hossein Asgaryan Omran4Zohre Zare5Shirzad Gholami6Alireza Khalilian7Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi8Fatemeh Hajizadeh9Mostafa Tork10Ahmad Daryani11Sargis A. Aghayan12Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical ScienceDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesBiostatistics Department, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesToxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesLaboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, NASRAAbstract Background Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a pregnant woman becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) for the first time. Treatment typically involves antimicrobial medications, with spiramycin commonly used to prevent transmission. However, spiramycin's effectiveness is limited due to poor placental penetration. Clindamycin, another antibiotic, can cross the placenta but reaches the fetus at only half the maternal concentration. Encapsulating the drug in chitosan-coated niosomes (Cs-Nio) could enhance its effectiveness by targeting specific organs and ensuring sustained release. To address the challenges of using clindamycin, a niosome-coated chitosan system was investigated for treating congenital toxoplasmosis caused by the VEG strain of T. gondii in an animal model. Methods Pregnant mice were infected with VEG strain of T. gondii on the 12th day of pregnancy, followed by treatment with various drugs across six groups. The treatments included chitosan-coated niosomes loaded clindamycin (Cs-Nio-Cli) and other controls. Parasitological evaluations (microscopic examination and real-time PCR), along with histopathological and immunological assessments were conducted to assess treatment efficacy. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and SPSS 26, comparing test and control groups with T test and Mann–Whitney test. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study found that treatment with Cs-Nio-Cli significantly reduced the number of T. gondii cysts in the brain and eyes (97.59% and 92.68%, respectively) compared to the negative control group. It also mitigated inflammatory changes, prevented cell death, and reduced vascular cuffs in the brain. In addition, Cs-Nio-Cli treatment decreased bleeding, placental thrombosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the placenta while improving eye tissue health by reducing retinal folds and bleeds. Immunologically, nanoclindamycin treatment resulted in lower TNF-α cytokine levels and higher IL-10 levels, indicating an enhanced anti-inflammatory response. Conclusions Although Cs-Nio-Cli demonstrates promise in reducing the transmission of congenital toxoplasmosis and mitigating the effects of congenital toxoplasmosis, additional research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment regimens for the complete eradication of the parasite in the fetus.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00636-xToxoplasma gondiiVEG strainCongenitalClindamycinNiosomes-coated chitosan |
| spellingShingle | Mitra Sadeghi Seyed Abdollah Hosseini Shahabeddin Sarvi Pedram Ebrahimnejad Hossein Asgaryan Omran Zohre Zare Shirzad Gholami Alireza Khalilian Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi Fatemeh Hajizadeh Mostafa Tork Ahmad Daryani Sargis A. Aghayan Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study Tropical Medicine and Health Toxoplasma gondii VEG strain Congenital Clindamycin Niosomes-coated chitosan |
| title | Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study |
| title_full | Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study |
| title_short | Enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan-coated niosomes to prevent Toxoplasma gondii strain VEG in pregnant mice: an experimental study |
| title_sort | enhanced clindamycin delivery using chitosan coated niosomes to prevent toxoplasma gondii strain veg in pregnant mice an experimental study |
| topic | Toxoplasma gondii VEG strain Congenital Clindamycin Niosomes-coated chitosan |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00636-x |
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