GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics
Engineers, geomorphologists, and ecologists acknowledge the need for temporally and spatially resolved measurements of sediment clogging (also known as colmation) in permeable gravel-bed rivers due to its adverse impacts on water and habitat quality. In this paper, we present a novel method for non-...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/536 |
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| author | Kaan Koca Eckhard Schleicher André Bieberle Stefan Haun Silke Wieprecht Markus Noack |
| author_facet | Kaan Koca Eckhard Schleicher André Bieberle Stefan Haun Silke Wieprecht Markus Noack |
| author_sort | Kaan Koca |
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| description | Engineers, geomorphologists, and ecologists acknowledge the need for temporally and spatially resolved measurements of sediment clogging (also known as colmation) in permeable gravel-bed rivers due to its adverse impacts on water and habitat quality. In this paper, we present a novel method for non-destructive, real-time measurements of pore-scale sediment deposition and monitoring of clogging by using wire-mesh sensors (WMSs) embedded in spheres, forming a smart gravel bed (GravelSens). The measuring principle is based on one-by-one voltage excitation of transmitter electrodes, followed by simultaneous measurements of the resulting current by receiver electrodes at each crossing measuring pores. The currents are then linked to the conductive component of fluid impedance. The measurement performance of the developed sensor is validated by applying the Maxwell Garnett and parallel models to sensor data and comparing the results to data obtained by gamma ray computed tomography (CT). GravelSens is tested and validated under varying filling conditions of different particle sizes ranging from sand to fine gravel. The close agreement between GravelSens and CT measurements indicates the technology’s applicability in sediment–water research while also suggesting its potential for other solid–liquid two-phase flows. This pore-scale measurement and visualization system offers the capability to monitor clogging and de-clogging dynamics within pore spaces up to 10,000 Hz, making it the first laboratory equipment capable of performing such in situ measurements without radiation. Thus, GravelSens is a major improvement over existing methods and holds promise for advancing the understanding of flow–sediment–ecology interactions. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9ea4cda09e704182b4dc5f83504c13fd2025-01-24T13:49:16ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125253610.3390/s25020536GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging DynamicsKaan Koca0Eckhard Schleicher1André Bieberle2Stefan Haun3Silke Wieprecht4Markus Noack5Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, GermanyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, GermanyInstitute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyFaculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, 76133 Karlsruhe, GermanyEngineers, geomorphologists, and ecologists acknowledge the need for temporally and spatially resolved measurements of sediment clogging (also known as colmation) in permeable gravel-bed rivers due to its adverse impacts on water and habitat quality. In this paper, we present a novel method for non-destructive, real-time measurements of pore-scale sediment deposition and monitoring of clogging by using wire-mesh sensors (WMSs) embedded in spheres, forming a smart gravel bed (GravelSens). The measuring principle is based on one-by-one voltage excitation of transmitter electrodes, followed by simultaneous measurements of the resulting current by receiver electrodes at each crossing measuring pores. The currents are then linked to the conductive component of fluid impedance. The measurement performance of the developed sensor is validated by applying the Maxwell Garnett and parallel models to sensor data and comparing the results to data obtained by gamma ray computed tomography (CT). GravelSens is tested and validated under varying filling conditions of different particle sizes ranging from sand to fine gravel. The close agreement between GravelSens and CT measurements indicates the technology’s applicability in sediment–water research while also suggesting its potential for other solid–liquid two-phase flows. This pore-scale measurement and visualization system offers the capability to monitor clogging and de-clogging dynamics within pore spaces up to 10,000 Hz, making it the first laboratory equipment capable of performing such in situ measurements without radiation. Thus, GravelSens is a major improvement over existing methods and holds promise for advancing the understanding of flow–sediment–ecology interactions.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/536wire-mesh sensorconductance sensorpore-filling measurementtwo-phase flowporous mediagravel bed |
| spellingShingle | Kaan Koca Eckhard Schleicher André Bieberle Stefan Haun Silke Wieprecht Markus Noack GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics Sensors wire-mesh sensor conductance sensor pore-filling measurement two-phase flow porous media gravel bed |
| title | GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics |
| title_full | GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics |
| title_fullStr | GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed | GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics |
| title_short | GravelSens: A Smart Gravel Sensor for High-Resolution, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Clogging Dynamics |
| title_sort | gravelsens a smart gravel sensor for high resolution non destructive monitoring of clogging dynamics |
| topic | wire-mesh sensor conductance sensor pore-filling measurement two-phase flow porous media gravel bed |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/536 |
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