Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies

Managing human excreta and organic waste from municipal solid waste is important for a cleaner environment. The recent circular bioeconomy paradigm brought the idea of sustainable resource recovery and reuse through valorising organic waste streams and wastewater reuse. Many studies have been done o...

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Main Authors: William Musazura, Taruvinga Badza, Siphesihle Nxumalo, Stephen O. Ojwach, Alfred Oduor Odindo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Agricultural Water Management
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425002525
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author William Musazura
Taruvinga Badza
Siphesihle Nxumalo
Stephen O. Ojwach
Alfred Oduor Odindo
author_facet William Musazura
Taruvinga Badza
Siphesihle Nxumalo
Stephen O. Ojwach
Alfred Oduor Odindo
author_sort William Musazura
collection DOAJ
description Managing human excreta and organic waste from municipal solid waste is important for a cleaner environment. The recent circular bioeconomy paradigm brought the idea of sustainable resource recovery and reuse through valorising organic waste streams and wastewater reuse. Many studies have been done on human excreta valorisation, but the adoption of bio-fertilisers by farmers is poor due to unclear policies and the absence of viable business models. This study investigated the feasibility of upcycling domestic wastewater and human excreta-derived co-compost through seedling production. A greenhouse experiment was done using a randomised complete design to assess the effects of domestic wastewater and co-compost on parameters for best practices in seedling production. Three vegetables (onion, tomato and Swiss chard) were used as test crops. Data was collected on growing media characterisation, seedling vigour and E. coli contamination. Economic analyses used water usage data to assess the financial viability of seedling production. Using wastewater and co-compost on seedling production was comparable to conventional practices. The significant benefits are saving water and fertiliser costs, creating employment, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating social ills such as crime, minimising the carbon footprint in local food production systems and mitigating environmental pollution. The major limitation is marketing the seedlings to niche markets due to prohibitions on Good Agricultural Practices certifications. Depending on local regulations farmers may produce seedlings for use on their farms or market them in their food production networks. Policymakers should review the use of human excreta fertilisers, and active participation of regulatory authorities is needed to allow bio-certification of eco-innovations such as seedlings. This will provide opportunities for seedling producers to penetrate the niche market.
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spelling doaj-art-9e9a8aa989d5461f91faa1237369bfcf2025-08-20T03:25:12ZengElsevierAgricultural Water Management1873-22832025-06-0131510953810.1016/j.agwat.2025.109538Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studiesWilliam Musazura0Taruvinga Badza1Siphesihle Nxumalo2Stephen O. Ojwach3Alfred Oduor Odindo4Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Corresponding author.Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaCrop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaChemistry department, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaCrop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South AfricaManaging human excreta and organic waste from municipal solid waste is important for a cleaner environment. The recent circular bioeconomy paradigm brought the idea of sustainable resource recovery and reuse through valorising organic waste streams and wastewater reuse. Many studies have been done on human excreta valorisation, but the adoption of bio-fertilisers by farmers is poor due to unclear policies and the absence of viable business models. This study investigated the feasibility of upcycling domestic wastewater and human excreta-derived co-compost through seedling production. A greenhouse experiment was done using a randomised complete design to assess the effects of domestic wastewater and co-compost on parameters for best practices in seedling production. Three vegetables (onion, tomato and Swiss chard) were used as test crops. Data was collected on growing media characterisation, seedling vigour and E. coli contamination. Economic analyses used water usage data to assess the financial viability of seedling production. Using wastewater and co-compost on seedling production was comparable to conventional practices. The significant benefits are saving water and fertiliser costs, creating employment, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating social ills such as crime, minimising the carbon footprint in local food production systems and mitigating environmental pollution. The major limitation is marketing the seedlings to niche markets due to prohibitions on Good Agricultural Practices certifications. Depending on local regulations farmers may produce seedlings for use on their farms or market them in their food production networks. Policymakers should review the use of human excreta fertilisers, and active participation of regulatory authorities is needed to allow bio-certification of eco-innovations such as seedlings. This will provide opportunities for seedling producers to penetrate the niche market.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425002525BioeconomyCircular economyNutrient recyclingSustainable agricultureSustainable seedling productionWastewater reuse
spellingShingle William Musazura
Taruvinga Badza
Siphesihle Nxumalo
Stephen O. Ojwach
Alfred Oduor Odindo
Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
Agricultural Water Management
Bioeconomy
Circular economy
Nutrient recycling
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable seedling production
Wastewater reuse
title Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
title_full Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
title_fullStr Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
title_full_unstemmed Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
title_short Upcycling human excreta-derived products through sustainable seedling production: Feasibility studies
title_sort upcycling human excreta derived products through sustainable seedling production feasibility studies
topic Bioeconomy
Circular economy
Nutrient recycling
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable seedling production
Wastewater reuse
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425002525
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AT siphesihlenxumalo upcyclinghumanexcretaderivedproductsthroughsustainableseedlingproductionfeasibilitystudies
AT stephenoojwach upcyclinghumanexcretaderivedproductsthroughsustainableseedlingproductionfeasibilitystudies
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