Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies
Large amounts of hazardous and synthetic dye are produced by the textile industry. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks an effective method for removing hazardous synthetic dye, specifically malachite green, from wastewater. To fill this gap, this study used a batch method to evaluate the adsorp...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| author | Lekaa Hussein Abid Zainab Haider Mussa Issa Farhan Deyab Lubna Raad Al-Ameer Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim Hesam Kamyab Saravanan Rajendran Ahmed Falah Imran Zaher Mundher Yaseen |
| author_facet | Lekaa Hussein Abid Zainab Haider Mussa Issa Farhan Deyab Lubna Raad Al-Ameer Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim Hesam Kamyab Saravanan Rajendran Ahmed Falah Imran Zaher Mundher Yaseen |
| author_sort | Lekaa Hussein Abid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Large amounts of hazardous and synthetic dye are produced by the textile industry. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks an effective method for removing hazardous synthetic dye, specifically malachite green, from wastewater. To fill this gap, this study used a batch method to evaluate the adsorption of malachite green onto an adsorbent derived from walnut shells (ACWS). According to previous studies, zinc chloride is rarely used as a chemical agent for activating walnut shells. Moreover, very little carbon has been used to eliminate the dye. To identify the ideal conditions, this paper examined the effects of washing, carbonization temperature, contact duration, adsorbent dosage, and dye concentration on the adsorption capacity and removal percentage. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to analyze the experimental isotherm data. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir equation more closely, as evidenced by a high correlation factor (R2 = 0.9970). The data also showed an acceptable fit with the Freundlich model, with the “n” constant ranging from 2 to 10. The parameter values for the aforementioned models were as follows: Qm = 588.23 mg/g, KL = 0.0602 L/mg, KF = 201, and 1/n = 0.1838. The adsorption process of malachite green onto ACWS was further investigated using both first- and second-pseudo-order models. The kinetics of adsorption, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9943, closely followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The rate constants were found to be 0.0274 min−1 for the pseudo-first-order and 0.0033 g/min·mg for the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters were determined from the adsorption isotherms at various temperatures, yielding free energy ΔG° values ranging from −5.5241 to −9.27 kJ/mol, a positive enthalpy change ΔH° of 31.0538 kJ/mol, and an entropy change ΔS° of 124.84 J/mol·K. The positive ΔH° and negative ΔG° indicate that the overall adsorption of MG is endothermic and spontaneous. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9e6eb4f43fcd44c9885f476fd7a03704 |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9e6eb4f43fcd44c9885f476fd7a037042025-08-20T02:04:38ZengElsevierResults in Chemistry2211-71562025-03-011410212410.1016/j.rechem.2025.102124Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studiesLekaa Hussein Abid0Zainab Haider Mussa1Issa Farhan Deyab2Lubna Raad Al-Ameer3Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi4Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim5Hesam Kamyab6Saravanan Rajendran7Ahmed Falah Imran8Zaher Mundher Yaseen9Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, IraqCollege of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, IraqMedical Physics Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001 Hillah, Babil, IraqCollege of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, IraqCollege of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, IraqDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, Iraq; Corresponding author.Faculty of Social Sciences, Media and Communication, University of Religions and Denominations, Pardisan, Qom, Iran; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India; The KU-KIST Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author at: The KU-KIST Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, ChileDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, IraqCivil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaLarge amounts of hazardous and synthetic dye are produced by the textile industry. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks an effective method for removing hazardous synthetic dye, specifically malachite green, from wastewater. To fill this gap, this study used a batch method to evaluate the adsorption of malachite green onto an adsorbent derived from walnut shells (ACWS). According to previous studies, zinc chloride is rarely used as a chemical agent for activating walnut shells. Moreover, very little carbon has been used to eliminate the dye. To identify the ideal conditions, this paper examined the effects of washing, carbonization temperature, contact duration, adsorbent dosage, and dye concentration on the adsorption capacity and removal percentage. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to analyze the experimental isotherm data. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir equation more closely, as evidenced by a high correlation factor (R2 = 0.9970). The data also showed an acceptable fit with the Freundlich model, with the “n” constant ranging from 2 to 10. The parameter values for the aforementioned models were as follows: Qm = 588.23 mg/g, KL = 0.0602 L/mg, KF = 201, and 1/n = 0.1838. The adsorption process of malachite green onto ACWS was further investigated using both first- and second-pseudo-order models. The kinetics of adsorption, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9943, closely followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The rate constants were found to be 0.0274 min−1 for the pseudo-first-order and 0.0033 g/min·mg for the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters were determined from the adsorption isotherms at various temperatures, yielding free energy ΔG° values ranging from −5.5241 to −9.27 kJ/mol, a positive enthalpy change ΔH° of 31.0538 kJ/mol, and an entropy change ΔS° of 124.84 J/mol·K. The positive ΔH° and negative ΔG° indicate that the overall adsorption of MG is endothermic and spontaneous.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625001079Dye removalWalnut shellsMalachite greenKineticsAdsorption isotherms |
| spellingShingle | Lekaa Hussein Abid Zainab Haider Mussa Issa Farhan Deyab Lubna Raad Al-Ameer Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim Hesam Kamyab Saravanan Rajendran Ahmed Falah Imran Zaher Mundher Yaseen Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies Results in Chemistry Dye removal Walnut shells Malachite green Kinetics Adsorption isotherms |
| title | Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| title_full | Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| title_fullStr | Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| title_short | Walnut Shell as a bio-activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| title_sort | walnut shell as a bio activated carbon for elimination of malachite green from its aqueous solution adsorption isotherms kinetics and thermodynamic studies |
| topic | Dye removal Walnut shells Malachite green Kinetics Adsorption isotherms |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625001079 |
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