Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting
Background Studying the extent to which delayed skeletal maturation may contribute to childhood height deficits is important for assessing potential for recovery in heights.Aim To investigate the discrepancy in height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) based on chronological age (HAZ-CA) compared to bone age (H...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Annals of Human Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/03014460.2025.2510499 |
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| author | Liina Mansukoski Barry Bogin J. Andres Galvez-Sobral Luis Furlán William Johnson |
| author_facet | Liina Mansukoski Barry Bogin J. Andres Galvez-Sobral Luis Furlán William Johnson |
| author_sort | Liina Mansukoski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Studying the extent to which delayed skeletal maturation may contribute to childhood height deficits is important for assessing potential for recovery in heights.Aim To investigate the discrepancy in height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) based on chronological age (HAZ-CA) compared to bone age (HAZ-BA) and estimate proportion of HAZ deficits attributable to delayed maturation in both sexes.Subjects and methods Using the WHO Growth References, HAZ-CA and HAZ-BA were calculated for Guatemala City children aged 6–8.99 years participating in the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Longitudinal Study and attending a low or a very low SEP study school. A mixed effects model was developed to describe 1638 HAZ observations (Level 1) in 1107 children (Level 2) by HAZ-type, with interaction terms for HAZ-type by age, sex, school, and birth year.Results On average, skeletal age was delayed by 1.1 (SD 1.0) years. Mean HAZ-CA was −1.7 (0.9) and HAZ-BA −0.6 (0.9). Greater proportions of the total height deficit were attributable to delayed skeletal maturation in males (60-87%) versus females (49–63%), and at low- (58–87%) versus very low-SES school (49–71%).Conclusion Delayed maturation contributes to height deficits, supporting the idea that opportunity for catch-up growth continues past early childhood in both sexes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9e44da75f8d14b1da0d515aee0e392e6 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0301-4460 1464-5033 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Human Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-9e44da75f8d14b1da0d515aee0e392e62025-08-20T02:03:24ZengTaylor & Francis GroupAnnals of Human Biology0301-44601464-50332025-12-0152110.1080/03014460.2025.2510499Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income settingLiina Mansukoski0Barry Bogin1J. Andres Galvez-Sobral2Luis Furlán3William Johnson4Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UKSchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UKCentro de Investigaciones Educativas, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, GuatemalaCentro de Estudios en Informática Aplicada, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, GuatemalaSchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UKBackground Studying the extent to which delayed skeletal maturation may contribute to childhood height deficits is important for assessing potential for recovery in heights.Aim To investigate the discrepancy in height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) based on chronological age (HAZ-CA) compared to bone age (HAZ-BA) and estimate proportion of HAZ deficits attributable to delayed maturation in both sexes.Subjects and methods Using the WHO Growth References, HAZ-CA and HAZ-BA were calculated for Guatemala City children aged 6–8.99 years participating in the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Longitudinal Study and attending a low or a very low SEP study school. A mixed effects model was developed to describe 1638 HAZ observations (Level 1) in 1107 children (Level 2) by HAZ-type, with interaction terms for HAZ-type by age, sex, school, and birth year.Results On average, skeletal age was delayed by 1.1 (SD 1.0) years. Mean HAZ-CA was −1.7 (0.9) and HAZ-BA −0.6 (0.9). Greater proportions of the total height deficit were attributable to delayed skeletal maturation in males (60-87%) versus females (49–63%), and at low- (58–87%) versus very low-SES school (49–71%).Conclusion Delayed maturation contributes to height deficits, supporting the idea that opportunity for catch-up growth continues past early childhood in both sexes.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/03014460.2025.2510499Bone agestuntinggrowth falteringcatch-up growth |
| spellingShingle | Liina Mansukoski Barry Bogin J. Andres Galvez-Sobral Luis Furlán William Johnson Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting Annals of Human Biology Bone age stunting growth faltering catch-up growth |
| title | Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting |
| title_full | Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting |
| title_fullStr | Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting |
| title_short | Delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low-income setting |
| title_sort | delayed skeletal maturation is a major contributor to child height deficits in a low income setting |
| topic | Bone age stunting growth faltering catch-up growth |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/03014460.2025.2510499 |
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