Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules
The vast seabed holds tremendous resource potential that can provide necessary materials for future human societal development. This study focuses on the mineralogy of seafloor manganese nodules off the coast of China in the Western Pacific and the primary techniques for extracting valuable metal el...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1359 |
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| author | Xu Wang Wenqing Qin Maolin Li Xueduan Liu Yangrui Cheng Shiping Chen Congren Yang |
| author_facet | Xu Wang Wenqing Qin Maolin Li Xueduan Liu Yangrui Cheng Shiping Chen Congren Yang |
| author_sort | Xu Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The vast seabed holds tremendous resource potential that can provide necessary materials for future human societal development. This study focuses on the mineralogy of seafloor manganese nodules off the coast of China in the Western Pacific and the primary techniques for extracting valuable metal elements from manganese nodules. The research indicates that the main valuable metal elements in the manganese nodules from this region include Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, etc. The key to extracting these valuable metals lies in reducing Mn(IV) to Mn(II) to disrupt the structure of the nodules, thereby releasing the valuable elements. The extraction processes for the main valuable metal elements of manganese nodules are mainly divided into two categories: pyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgical and solely hydrometallurgical. In order to cope with the challenges of environmental change and improve utilization efficiency, bioleaching, hydrogen metallurgy, and co-extraction are gaining increasing attention. For promoting commercialization, the future development of manganese nodule resources can refer to the technical route of efficient short-process extraction technology, the comprehensive recovery of associated resources, and tail-free utilization. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9e35c313e65c4bbe98e0e6532e39b971 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj-art-9e35c313e65c4bbe98e0e6532e39b9712025-08-20T02:57:20ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012024-11-011412135910.3390/met14121359Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese NodulesXu Wang0Wenqing Qin1Maolin Li2Xueduan Liu3Yangrui Cheng4Shiping Chen5Congren Yang6School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaSchool of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Deep-Sea Mineral Resources, Changsha 410083, ChinaSchool of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Deep-Sea Mineral Resources, Changsha 410083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Deep-Sea Mineral Resources, Changsha 410083, ChinaSchool of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaThe vast seabed holds tremendous resource potential that can provide necessary materials for future human societal development. This study focuses on the mineralogy of seafloor manganese nodules off the coast of China in the Western Pacific and the primary techniques for extracting valuable metal elements from manganese nodules. The research indicates that the main valuable metal elements in the manganese nodules from this region include Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, etc. The key to extracting these valuable metals lies in reducing Mn(IV) to Mn(II) to disrupt the structure of the nodules, thereby releasing the valuable elements. The extraction processes for the main valuable metal elements of manganese nodules are mainly divided into two categories: pyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgical and solely hydrometallurgical. In order to cope with the challenges of environmental change and improve utilization efficiency, bioleaching, hydrogen metallurgy, and co-extraction are gaining increasing attention. For promoting commercialization, the future development of manganese nodule resources can refer to the technical route of efficient short-process extraction technology, the comprehensive recovery of associated resources, and tail-free utilization.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1359manganese nodulemineralogyextractionpyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgicalhydrometallurgical |
| spellingShingle | Xu Wang Wenqing Qin Maolin Li Xueduan Liu Yangrui Cheng Shiping Chen Congren Yang Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules Metals manganese nodule mineralogy extraction pyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgical hydrometallurgical |
| title | Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules |
| title_full | Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules |
| title_fullStr | Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules |
| title_short | Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules |
| title_sort | mineralogy of deep sea manganese nodules and advances in extraction technology of valuable elements from manganese nodules |
| topic | manganese nodule mineralogy extraction pyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgical hydrometallurgical |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1359 |
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