Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study
The deployment of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a major landmark in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the activation of adaptive immunity and its longevity after a booster dose warrant further investigation. Moreover, the interplay between inflammation and immune thrombosis after tra...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1615227/full |
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| author | Waleed M. Bawazir Waleed M. Bawazir Ahmad Al Ibad Ahmad Al Ibad Muneeba Mohsin Hanouf A. Niyazi Turki A. Alamri Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohannad Hazzazi Mohannad Hazzazi Noura A. Chehab Steve Harakeh Steve Harakeh Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai |
| author_facet | Waleed M. Bawazir Waleed M. Bawazir Ahmad Al Ibad Ahmad Al Ibad Muneeba Mohsin Hanouf A. Niyazi Turki A. Alamri Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohannad Hazzazi Mohannad Hazzazi Noura A. Chehab Steve Harakeh Steve Harakeh Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai |
| author_sort | Waleed M. Bawazir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The deployment of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a major landmark in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the activation of adaptive immunity and its longevity after a booster dose warrant further investigation. Moreover, the interplay between inflammation and immune thrombosis after transfection needs further insights that could help examine the vaccine’s potential for adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological responses to the third dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in 68 healthy participants who had previously received two doses of the vaccine. Blood samples were collected at baseline (before vaccine dose; D0), 48 hours post-vaccination (D2), and then at days 30, 60, 120, and 180 (D30, D60, D120, D180). The study focused on analyzing changes in anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA), inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IFN-γ, CRP, hs-CRP), coagulation factors (PT, APTT, D-dimers), and blood cell counts (neutrophils, leukocytes, platelets) at D2 post-vaccination, and IgG and IgA at days 2, 30, 60, 120, and 180 post-vaccination. In this study, no clinical AEFIs were observed in any of the recipients. Slight changes were observed in the levels of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers, and blood cells. Levels of CRP and hs-CRP increased slightly but significantly, d-dimers were raised, and PT and aPTT were prolonged significantly. A small but significant decrease was observed in IFN-γ and mean lymphocyte counts, whereas no change was observed in the levels of IL-6, neutrophils, and platelet count at D2. Levels of IgG and IgA showed sustained increase over the six-month period. These results collectively demonstrate that the third dose of the mRNA vaccine elicits a rapid and sustained immune response characterized by increased IgG and IgA levels. The changes observed in inflammatory markers and coagulation factors after vaccination observed shortly after vaccination require further investigations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9e16b2915e314c38b446dadd0561a033 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-9e16b2915e314c38b446dadd0561a0332025-08-20T03:50:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-07-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.16152271615227Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal studyWaleed M. Bawazir0Waleed M. Bawazir1Ahmad Al Ibad2Ahmad Al Ibad3Muneeba Mohsin4Hanouf A. Niyazi5Turki A. Alamri6Mohammed A. Bazuhair7Mohammed A. Bazuhair8Mohannad Hazzazi9Mohannad Hazzazi10Noura A. Chehab11Steve Harakeh12Steve Harakeh13Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai14Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai15Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Pathology, Bannu Medical College, Bannu, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaFamily and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia0NEOM Energy & Water Company (ENOWA), Neom, Saudi Arabia1EcoHealth Unit, 14 King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia2Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan3Department of Pathology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, PakistanThe deployment of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a major landmark in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the activation of adaptive immunity and its longevity after a booster dose warrant further investigation. Moreover, the interplay between inflammation and immune thrombosis after transfection needs further insights that could help examine the vaccine’s potential for adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological responses to the third dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in 68 healthy participants who had previously received two doses of the vaccine. Blood samples were collected at baseline (before vaccine dose; D0), 48 hours post-vaccination (D2), and then at days 30, 60, 120, and 180 (D30, D60, D120, D180). The study focused on analyzing changes in anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA), inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IFN-γ, CRP, hs-CRP), coagulation factors (PT, APTT, D-dimers), and blood cell counts (neutrophils, leukocytes, platelets) at D2 post-vaccination, and IgG and IgA at days 2, 30, 60, 120, and 180 post-vaccination. In this study, no clinical AEFIs were observed in any of the recipients. Slight changes were observed in the levels of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers, and blood cells. Levels of CRP and hs-CRP increased slightly but significantly, d-dimers were raised, and PT and aPTT were prolonged significantly. A small but significant decrease was observed in IFN-γ and mean lymphocyte counts, whereas no change was observed in the levels of IL-6, neutrophils, and platelet count at D2. Levels of IgG and IgA showed sustained increase over the six-month period. These results collectively demonstrate that the third dose of the mRNA vaccine elicits a rapid and sustained immune response characterized by increased IgG and IgA levels. The changes observed in inflammatory markers and coagulation factors after vaccination observed shortly after vaccination require further investigations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1615227/fullAEFIscoagulation profilecomplete blood countsIgAIgGinflammatory cytokines |
| spellingShingle | Waleed M. Bawazir Waleed M. Bawazir Ahmad Al Ibad Ahmad Al Ibad Muneeba Mohsin Hanouf A. Niyazi Turki A. Alamri Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohammed A. Bazuhair Mohannad Hazzazi Mohannad Hazzazi Noura A. Chehab Steve Harakeh Steve Harakeh Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai Yasar Mehmood Yousafzai Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology AEFIs coagulation profile complete blood counts IgA IgG inflammatory cytokines |
| title | Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study |
| title_full | Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study |
| title_fullStr | Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study |
| title_short | Immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a six-month longitudinal study |
| title_sort | immune and hematologicak responses to the third dose of an mrna covid 19 vaccine a six month longitudinal study |
| topic | AEFIs coagulation profile complete blood counts IgA IgG inflammatory cytokines |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1615227/full |
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