Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds
Wounds are undeniably important gateways for pathogens to enter the body. In addition to their detrimental local effects, they can also cause adverse systemic effects. For this reason, developing methods for eradicating pathogens from wounds is a challenging medical issue. Polymers, particularly hyd...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Adam Chyzy Przemysław Gnatowski Edyta Piłat Maciej Sienkiewicz Katarzyna Wozniak Marta Wojnicka Krzysztof Brzezinski Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska |
| author_facet | Adam Chyzy Przemysław Gnatowski Edyta Piłat Maciej Sienkiewicz Katarzyna Wozniak Marta Wojnicka Krzysztof Brzezinski Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska |
| author_sort | Adam Chyzy |
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| description | Wounds are undeniably important gateways for pathogens to enter the body. In addition to their detrimental local effects, they can also cause adverse systemic effects. For this reason, developing methods for eradicating pathogens from wounds is a challenging medical issue. Polymers, particularly hydrogels, are one of the more essential materials for designing novel drug-delivery systems, thanks to the ease of tuning their structures. This work exploits this property by utilizing copolymerization, microwave modification, and drug-loading processes to obtain antibacterial gels. Synthesized xylitol-modified glycidyl methacrylate-<i>co</i>-ethyl methacrylate ([P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl]) matrices were loaded with bacitracin, gentian violet, furazidine, and brilliant green, used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The hydrophilic properties, API release mechanism, and antibacterial properties of the obtained hydrogels against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> containing [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl] were studied. The hydrogels with the APIs efficiently inhibit bacteria growth with low doses of drugs, and our findings are statistically significant, confirmed with ANOVA analysis at <i>p</i> = 0.05. The results confirmed that the proposed system is hydrophilic and has extended the drug-release capabilities of APIs with a controlled burst effect based on [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl] content in the hydrogel. Hydrogels are characterized by the prolonged release of APIs in a very short time (a few minutes). Although the amount of released APIs is about 10%, it still exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentrations of drugs. Several kinetic models (first-order, second-order, Baker–Lonsdale, and Korsmeyer–Peppas) were applied to fit the API release data from the [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl-based hydrogel. The best fit of the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model to the experimental data was determined, and it was confirmed that a diffusion-controlled release mechanism of the APIs from the studied hydrogels is dominant, which is desirable for applications requiring a consistent, controlled release of therapeutic agents. A statistical analysis of API release using Linear Mixed Model was performed, examining the relationship between % mass of API, sample (hydrogels and control), time, sample–time interaction, and variability between individuals. The model fits the data well, as evidenced by the determination coefficients close to 1. The analyzed interactions in the data are reliable and statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The outcome of this study suggests that the presented acrylate-based gel is a promising candidate for developing wound dressings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9df9fc08ad42470b9bceb3357f08789d |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9df9fc08ad42470b9bceb3357f08789d2025-08-20T03:36:27ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015308310.3390/molecules30153083Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial CompoundsAdam Chyzy0Przemysław Gnatowski1Edyta Piłat2Maciej Sienkiewicz3Katarzyna Wozniak4Marta Wojnicka5Krzysztof Brzezinski6Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska7Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry and Division of Medical Education in English, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, PolandDepartment of Structural Biology of Prokaryotic Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Structural Biology of Prokaryotic Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Structural Biology of Prokaryotic Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry and Division of Medical Education in English, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, PolandWounds are undeniably important gateways for pathogens to enter the body. In addition to their detrimental local effects, they can also cause adverse systemic effects. For this reason, developing methods for eradicating pathogens from wounds is a challenging medical issue. Polymers, particularly hydrogels, are one of the more essential materials for designing novel drug-delivery systems, thanks to the ease of tuning their structures. This work exploits this property by utilizing copolymerization, microwave modification, and drug-loading processes to obtain antibacterial gels. Synthesized xylitol-modified glycidyl methacrylate-<i>co</i>-ethyl methacrylate ([P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl]) matrices were loaded with bacitracin, gentian violet, furazidine, and brilliant green, used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The hydrophilic properties, API release mechanism, and antibacterial properties of the obtained hydrogels against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> containing [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl] were studied. The hydrogels with the APIs efficiently inhibit bacteria growth with low doses of drugs, and our findings are statistically significant, confirmed with ANOVA analysis at <i>p</i> = 0.05. The results confirmed that the proposed system is hydrophilic and has extended the drug-release capabilities of APIs with a controlled burst effect based on [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl] content in the hydrogel. Hydrogels are characterized by the prolonged release of APIs in a very short time (a few minutes). Although the amount of released APIs is about 10%, it still exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentrations of drugs. Several kinetic models (first-order, second-order, Baker–Lonsdale, and Korsmeyer–Peppas) were applied to fit the API release data from the [P(EMA)-<i>co</i>-(GMA)]-Xyl-based hydrogel. The best fit of the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model to the experimental data was determined, and it was confirmed that a diffusion-controlled release mechanism of the APIs from the studied hydrogels is dominant, which is desirable for applications requiring a consistent, controlled release of therapeutic agents. A statistical analysis of API release using Linear Mixed Model was performed, examining the relationship between % mass of API, sample (hydrogels and control), time, sample–time interaction, and variability between individuals. The model fits the data well, as evidenced by the determination coefficients close to 1. The analyzed interactions in the data are reliable and statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The outcome of this study suggests that the presented acrylate-based gel is a promising candidate for developing wound dressings.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3083hydrogelhydrophilic materialantibioticdrug-delivery systemcontrolled drug release |
| spellingShingle | Adam Chyzy Przemysław Gnatowski Edyta Piłat Maciej Sienkiewicz Katarzyna Wozniak Marta Wojnicka Krzysztof Brzezinski Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds Molecules hydrogel hydrophilic material antibiotic drug-delivery system controlled drug release |
| title | Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds |
| title_full | Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds |
| title_fullStr | Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds |
| title_short | Formation and Characterization of Xylitol-Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-<i>co</i>-Ethyl Methacrylate Matrices for Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds |
| title_sort | formation and characterization of xylitol modified glycidyl methacrylate i co i ethyl methacrylate matrices for controlled release of antimicrobial compounds |
| topic | hydrogel hydrophilic material antibiotic drug-delivery system controlled drug release |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3083 |
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