Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia
Introduction: Heavy metal content within drinking water poses significant risks to health and the environment. Given industrial impact on Kulim’s water quality, this study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in various water sources ar...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universitas Airlangga
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan |
| Online Access: | https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020 |
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| author | Muhamad Radzi Zainon Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Ahmad Razali Ishak Muhamad Azwat Abdullah Abdul Rohim Tualeka Rafeezul Mohamed Hisham Atan Edinur Siti Aisyah Mualif Muhammad Azrul Zabidi Maisarah Nasution Waras |
| author_facet | Muhamad Radzi Zainon Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Ahmad Razali Ishak Muhamad Azwat Abdullah Abdul Rohim Tualeka Rafeezul Mohamed Hisham Atan Edinur Siti Aisyah Mualif Muhammad Azrul Zabidi Maisarah Nasution Waras |
| author_sort | Muhamad Radzi Zainon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Heavy metal content within drinking water poses significant risks to health and the environment. Given industrial impact on Kulim’s water quality, this study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in various water sources around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) and assess associated with chronic heath risks. Methods: We measured these five heavy metals in 30 water samples from tap water, rivers, and ponds, within and around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP), using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Non-carcinogenic risk was assessed by calculating Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), while carcinogenic risk used Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR). Results and Discussion: Mean concentrations averaged between 0.0177 ± 0.0017 mg/L and 0.8652 ± 0.0606 mg/L; nickel showed the highest mean, followed by iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Notably, concentrations of nickel, and in some instances iron and cadmium, exceeded regulatory limits. HQ and HI suggested no immediate adverse health effects from exposure to iron, manganese, and zinc. However, ELCR values for cadmium and nickel surpassed acceptable levels, indicating potential carcinogenic risks from long-term exposure. It is important to note that risk assessment for iron, manganese, and zinc is based on mean concentrations that include proportion of samples below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), warranting cautious interpretation. Conclusion: This study provides crucial baseline data on heavy metals in KHTP water resources, underscores more investigation and potential remediation strategies to safeguard public and environmental health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9d7e9fbf3cb54454b056ae9a49716ec0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1829-7285 2540-881X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Universitas Airlangga |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan |
| spelling | doaj-art-9d7e9fbf3cb54454b056ae9a49716ec02025-08-20T04:00:54ZengUniversitas AirlanggaJurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan1829-72852540-881X2025-07-0117325626710.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.256-26770210Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, MalaysiaMuhamad Radzi Zainon0Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz1Ahmad Razali Ishak2Muhamad Azwat Abdullah3Abdul Rohim Tualeka4Rafeezul Mohamed5Hisham Atan Edinur6Siti Aisyah Mualif7Muhammad Azrul Zabidi8Maisarah Nasution Waras9Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaDepartment of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaCenter of Environmental Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, MalaysiaIntegrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, MalaysiaDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaSchool of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, MalaysiaSchool of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, MalaysiaAdvanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaDepartment of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, MalaysiaIntroduction: Heavy metal content within drinking water poses significant risks to health and the environment. Given industrial impact on Kulim’s water quality, this study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in various water sources around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) and assess associated with chronic heath risks. Methods: We measured these five heavy metals in 30 water samples from tap water, rivers, and ponds, within and around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP), using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Non-carcinogenic risk was assessed by calculating Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), while carcinogenic risk used Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR). Results and Discussion: Mean concentrations averaged between 0.0177 ± 0.0017 mg/L and 0.8652 ± 0.0606 mg/L; nickel showed the highest mean, followed by iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Notably, concentrations of nickel, and in some instances iron and cadmium, exceeded regulatory limits. HQ and HI suggested no immediate adverse health effects from exposure to iron, manganese, and zinc. However, ELCR values for cadmium and nickel surpassed acceptable levels, indicating potential carcinogenic risks from long-term exposure. It is important to note that risk assessment for iron, manganese, and zinc is based on mean concentrations that include proportion of samples below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), warranting cautious interpretation. Conclusion: This study provides crucial baseline data on heavy metals in KHTP water resources, underscores more investigation and potential remediation strategies to safeguard public and environmental health.https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020 |
| spellingShingle | Muhamad Radzi Zainon Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Ahmad Razali Ishak Muhamad Azwat Abdullah Abdul Rohim Tualeka Rafeezul Mohamed Hisham Atan Edinur Siti Aisyah Mualif Muhammad Azrul Zabidi Maisarah Nasution Waras Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan |
| title | Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia |
| title_full | Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia |
| title_short | Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia |
| title_sort | heavy metals pollution in drinking water sources a case study from kulim hi tech park malaysia |
| url | https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020 |
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