Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius

Flexibility, or acting in line with the needs of the situation rather than strictly adhering to prefigured rules and principles, has long been seen as a primary feature of early Confucian ethics as articulated in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius. This paper develops an understanding of f...

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Main Author: Henry Allen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Religions
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/441
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author Henry Allen
author_facet Henry Allen
author_sort Henry Allen
collection DOAJ
description Flexibility, or acting in line with the needs of the situation rather than strictly adhering to prefigured rules and principles, has long been seen as a primary feature of early Confucian ethics as articulated in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius. This paper develops an understanding of flexibility in the <i>Analects</i> through a close reading of two passages, 18.8 and 17.4. The goal is to both add nuance to standard readings of flexibility in the text and contribute to contemporary discourse, where consideration of moral flexibility is lacking. I show that while flexibility in the <i>Analects</i> is presented as an exemplary ethical approach, it requires a high level of moral cultivation, making it inaccessible to many. For those incapable of a flexible approach, a rigid approach that strictly adheres to rules and principles provides a means of both proper conduct and further ethical development. The <i>Analects</i> thus offers a fairly nuanced consideration of the notion of flexibility and the role of moral cultivation that can enliven contemporary ethical discourse.
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spelling doaj-art-9d5e6287de2c42859781e280fe7070f22025-08-20T02:18:04ZengMDPI AGReligions2077-14442025-03-0116444110.3390/rel16040441Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of ConfuciusHenry Allen0Philosophy Department, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, ChinaFlexibility, or acting in line with the needs of the situation rather than strictly adhering to prefigured rules and principles, has long been seen as a primary feature of early Confucian ethics as articulated in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius. This paper develops an understanding of flexibility in the <i>Analects</i> through a close reading of two passages, 18.8 and 17.4. The goal is to both add nuance to standard readings of flexibility in the text and contribute to contemporary discourse, where consideration of moral flexibility is lacking. I show that while flexibility in the <i>Analects</i> is presented as an exemplary ethical approach, it requires a high level of moral cultivation, making it inaccessible to many. For those incapable of a flexible approach, a rigid approach that strictly adheres to rules and principles provides a means of both proper conduct and further ethical development. The <i>Analects</i> thus offers a fairly nuanced consideration of the notion of flexibility and the role of moral cultivation that can enliven contemporary ethical discourse.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/441moral flexibilitymoral developmentmoral educationpost-comparative ethicsConfucianism
spellingShingle Henry Allen
Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
Religions
moral flexibility
moral development
moral education
post-comparative ethics
Confucianism
title Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
title_full Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
title_fullStr Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
title_full_unstemmed Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
title_short Flexibility and Moral Cultivation in the <i>Analects</i> of Confucius
title_sort flexibility and moral cultivation in the i analects i of confucius
topic moral flexibility
moral development
moral education
post-comparative ethics
Confucianism
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/4/441
work_keys_str_mv AT henryallen flexibilityandmoralcultivationintheianalectsiofconfucius