Surface Porousization of Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. However, the commercial graphite anode is not suitable for SIBs due to its low Na<sup>+</sup> ion storage capability. Currently, hard carbon has bee...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Qianhui Huang, Shunzhang You, Chenghao Yang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Micromachines
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/771
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Summary:Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. However, the commercial graphite anode is not suitable for SIBs due to its low Na<sup>+</sup> ion storage capability. Currently, hard carbon has been considered a promising anode material for SIBs. Herein, the surface porousized hard carbon anode materials have been prepared by using hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) with a hydrothermal method (HC-HO) and utilized as the anode material for SIBs. The porous structure of HC-HO provides more storage space for Na<sup>+</sup> ions and enhances the intercalation/deintercalation reversibility and diffusion rate of Na<sup>+</sup> ions. Moreover, HC-HO can effectively alleviate the particle volume expansion and generate a thin and stable SEI film during charge/discharge processes. Thus, the HC-HO exhibits a high reversible capacity (314.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> with an ICE of 92.3% at 0.05 C), excellent rate performance (241.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 3 C), and outstanding cycling stability (a capacity retention of 78.6% after 500 cycles at 1 C). The preparation of porous hard carbon provides new ideas for the future development direction of hard carbon.
ISSN:2072-666X