Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism

Precise detection of potato diseases is critical for food security, yet traditional image segmentation methods struggle with challenges including uneven illumination, background noise, and the gradual color transitions of lesions under complex field conditions. Therefore, a collaborative segmentatio...

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Main Authors: Jin-Ling Bei, Ji-Quan Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Agriculture
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1123
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author Jin-Ling Bei
Ji-Quan Wang
author_facet Jin-Ling Bei
Ji-Quan Wang
author_sort Jin-Ling Bei
collection DOAJ
description Precise detection of potato diseases is critical for food security, yet traditional image segmentation methods struggle with challenges including uneven illumination, background noise, and the gradual color transitions of lesions under complex field conditions. Therefore, a collaborative segmentation framework of Otsu and Sobel edge detection based on the beluga whale optimization algorithm with a danger sensing mechanism (DSBWO) is proposed. The method introduces an <i>S</i>-shaped control parameter, a danger sensing mechanism, a dynamic foraging strategy, and an improved whale fall model to enhance global search ability, prevent premature convergence, and improve solution quality. DSBWO demonstrates superior optimization performance on the CEC2017 benchmark, with faster convergence and higher accuracy than other algorithms. Experiments on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and potato early/late blight images show that DSBWO achieves excellent segmentation performance across multiple evaluation metrics. Specifically, it reaches a maximum IoU of 0.8797, outperforming JSBWO (0.8482) and PSOSHO (0.8503), while maintaining competitive PSNR and SSIM values. Even under different Gaussian noise levels, DSBWO maintains stable segmentation accuracy and low CPU time, confirming its robustness. These findings suggest that DSBWO provides a reliable and efficient solution for automatic crop disease monitoring and can be extended to other smart agriculture applications.
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spelling doaj-art-9ced2aa90ce9472c8dee921c0b6941642025-08-20T03:46:47ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-05-011511112310.3390/agriculture15111123Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing MechanismJin-Ling Bei0Ji-Quan Wang1College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaCollege of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaPrecise detection of potato diseases is critical for food security, yet traditional image segmentation methods struggle with challenges including uneven illumination, background noise, and the gradual color transitions of lesions under complex field conditions. Therefore, a collaborative segmentation framework of Otsu and Sobel edge detection based on the beluga whale optimization algorithm with a danger sensing mechanism (DSBWO) is proposed. The method introduces an <i>S</i>-shaped control parameter, a danger sensing mechanism, a dynamic foraging strategy, and an improved whale fall model to enhance global search ability, prevent premature convergence, and improve solution quality. DSBWO demonstrates superior optimization performance on the CEC2017 benchmark, with faster convergence and higher accuracy than other algorithms. Experiments on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and potato early/late blight images show that DSBWO achieves excellent segmentation performance across multiple evaluation metrics. Specifically, it reaches a maximum IoU of 0.8797, outperforming JSBWO (0.8482) and PSOSHO (0.8503), while maintaining competitive PSNR and SSIM values. Even under different Gaussian noise levels, DSBWO maintains stable segmentation accuracy and low CPU time, confirming its robustness. These findings suggest that DSBWO provides a reliable and efficient solution for automatic crop disease monitoring and can be extended to other smart agriculture applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1123potato disease imagebeluga whale optimizationmultilevel thresholdingOtsu methodSobel edge detection
spellingShingle Jin-Ling Bei
Ji-Quan Wang
Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
Agriculture
potato disease image
beluga whale optimization
multilevel thresholding
Otsu method
Sobel edge detection
title Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
title_full Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
title_fullStr Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
title_full_unstemmed Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
title_short Edge–Region Collaborative Segmentation of Potato Leaf Disease Images Using Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm with Danger Sensing Mechanism
title_sort edge region collaborative segmentation of potato leaf disease images using beluga whale optimization algorithm with danger sensing mechanism
topic potato disease image
beluga whale optimization
multilevel thresholding
Otsu method
Sobel edge detection
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/11/1123
work_keys_str_mv AT jinlingbei edgeregioncollaborativesegmentationofpotatoleafdiseaseimagesusingbelugawhaleoptimizationalgorithmwithdangersensingmechanism
AT jiquanwang edgeregioncollaborativesegmentationofpotatoleafdiseaseimagesusingbelugawhaleoptimizationalgorithmwithdangersensingmechanism