Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light

In this study, CdS/porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterostructures were successfully synthesized via in situ co-precipitation to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under visible light. The heterostructures, particularly at a 2:1 mass ratio of CdS to por...

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Main Authors: Ran Yan, Yuqing Mao, Meirong Zhu, Chuandong Wu, Wei Zuo, Weichen Zhu, Chenxin Zhao, Yu Tian, Jun Zhang, Jie Qiu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11372
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author Ran Yan
Yuqing Mao
Meirong Zhu
Chuandong Wu
Wei Zuo
Weichen Zhu
Chenxin Zhao
Yu Tian
Jun Zhang
Jie Qiu
author_facet Ran Yan
Yuqing Mao
Meirong Zhu
Chuandong Wu
Wei Zuo
Weichen Zhu
Chenxin Zhao
Yu Tian
Jun Zhang
Jie Qiu
author_sort Ran Yan
collection DOAJ
description In this study, CdS/porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterostructures were successfully synthesized via in situ co-precipitation to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under visible light. The heterostructures, particularly at a 2:1 mass ratio of CdS to porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, demonstrated significant improvements in both adsorption and photocatalytic performance. The adsorption and degradation rates increased 4-fold and 9.64-fold, respectively, compared to pure porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, with optimal removal rates achieved at a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) and superoxide radicals (·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) were the primary active species driving the degradation process, while hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played a minimal role. The composite material also maintained over 70% degradation efficiency after five cycles, indicating excellent stability. This research presents a promising route for the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater containing persistent organic pollutants, offering practical insights into dosage optimization, reaction kinetics, and mechanistic pathways that enhance performance.
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spelling doaj-art-9caae2f0162b4bdea3b99bd0b6820fbf2025-08-20T02:38:38ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114231137210.3390/app142311372Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible LightRan Yan0Yuqing Mao1Meirong Zhu2Chuandong Wu3Wei Zuo4Weichen Zhu5Chenxin Zhao6Yu Tian7Jun Zhang8Jie Qiu9State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaHarbin Institute of Technology National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaHarbin Institute of Technology National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, ChinaIn this study, CdS/porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterostructures were successfully synthesized via in situ co-precipitation to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under visible light. The heterostructures, particularly at a 2:1 mass ratio of CdS to porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, demonstrated significant improvements in both adsorption and photocatalytic performance. The adsorption and degradation rates increased 4-fold and 9.64-fold, respectively, compared to pure porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, with optimal removal rates achieved at a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) and superoxide radicals (·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) were the primary active species driving the degradation process, while hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played a minimal role. The composite material also maintained over 70% degradation efficiency after five cycles, indicating excellent stability. This research presents a promising route for the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater containing persistent organic pollutants, offering practical insights into dosage optimization, reaction kinetics, and mechanistic pathways that enhance performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11372CdSporous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>photocatalytictetracycline hydrochloridewastewater treatmentphotogenerated charge separation
spellingShingle Ran Yan
Yuqing Mao
Meirong Zhu
Chuandong Wu
Wei Zuo
Weichen Zhu
Chenxin Zhao
Yu Tian
Jun Zhang
Jie Qiu
Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
Applied Sciences
CdS
porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>
photocatalytic
tetracycline hydrochloride
wastewater treatment
photogenerated charge separation
title Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
title_full Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
title_fullStr Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
title_full_unstemmed Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
title_short Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
title_sort effectiveness and mechanisms of cds porous g c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub heterostructures for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride wastewater in visible light
topic CdS
porous g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>
photocatalytic
tetracycline hydrochloride
wastewater treatment
photogenerated charge separation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11372
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