Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress

Plants respond to environmental changes by altering the anatomical structure of the xylem and its hydraulic properties. While numerous studies have explored the effects of individual environmental factors on crops, the combined interactions of these factors remain underexplored. As climate change in...

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Main Authors: Qing Zhao, Jinliang Chen, Jian Kang, Shaozhong Kang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Plants
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/298
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author Qing Zhao
Jinliang Chen
Jian Kang
Shaozhong Kang
author_facet Qing Zhao
Jinliang Chen
Jian Kang
Shaozhong Kang
author_sort Qing Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Plants respond to environmental changes by altering the anatomical structure of the xylem and its hydraulic properties. While numerous studies have explored the effects of individual environmental factors on crops, the combined interactions of these factors remain underexplored. As climate change intensifies, the occurrence of salt stress is becoming more frequent, alongside a rise in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. This study aims to investigate the effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and salt stress on the hydraulic traits and xylem anatomical structures of cotton stems. Potted cotton plants were exposed to different CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (aC: 400 ppm; eC: 800 ppm) and salinity levels (aS: 0‰ soil salinity; eS: 6‰ soil salinity). The study found that under eC and eS conditions, a trade-off exists between hydraulic efficiency and safety in cotton stems, which may be partially attributed to xylem anatomical structures. Specifically, eS significantly reduced stem hydraulic conductivity under aC conditions and decreased vessel diameter but increased the proportion of small-diameter vessels and enhanced implosion resistance ((t/b)<sup>2</sup>), which strengthened the xylem’s resistance to salt-induced embolism. eC altered the response pattern of xylem hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance to salt stress, with increased vessel diameter enhancing hydraulic conductivity but reducing xylem resistance to embolism. These findings enhance our comprehension of plant hydraulic adaptation under future climatic conditions and provide new insights into the trade-offs between xylem structure and function.
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institution Kabale University
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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spelling doaj-art-9c6b5d5c203d4d0a95bb7a8a7ce400632025-01-24T13:47:10ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-01-0114229810.3390/plants14020298Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt StressQing Zhao0Jinliang Chen1Jian Kang2Shaozhong Kang3State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, Beijing 100083, ChinaPlants respond to environmental changes by altering the anatomical structure of the xylem and its hydraulic properties. While numerous studies have explored the effects of individual environmental factors on crops, the combined interactions of these factors remain underexplored. As climate change intensifies, the occurrence of salt stress is becoming more frequent, alongside a rise in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. This study aims to investigate the effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and salt stress on the hydraulic traits and xylem anatomical structures of cotton stems. Potted cotton plants were exposed to different CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (aC: 400 ppm; eC: 800 ppm) and salinity levels (aS: 0‰ soil salinity; eS: 6‰ soil salinity). The study found that under eC and eS conditions, a trade-off exists between hydraulic efficiency and safety in cotton stems, which may be partially attributed to xylem anatomical structures. Specifically, eS significantly reduced stem hydraulic conductivity under aC conditions and decreased vessel diameter but increased the proportion of small-diameter vessels and enhanced implosion resistance ((t/b)<sup>2</sup>), which strengthened the xylem’s resistance to salt-induced embolism. eC altered the response pattern of xylem hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance to salt stress, with increased vessel diameter enhancing hydraulic conductivity but reducing xylem resistance to embolism. These findings enhance our comprehension of plant hydraulic adaptation under future climatic conditions and provide new insights into the trade-offs between xylem structure and function.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/298elevated CO<sub>2</sub>embolismhydraulic conductancecottonsalt stressxylem anatomy
spellingShingle Qing Zhao
Jinliang Chen
Jian Kang
Shaozhong Kang
Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
Plants
elevated CO<sub>2</sub>
embolism
hydraulic conductance
cotton
salt stress
xylem anatomy
title Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
title_full Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
title_fullStr Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
title_full_unstemmed Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
title_short Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Stems Under Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and Salt Stress
title_sort trade offs between hydraulic efficiency and safety in cotton i gossypium hirsutum i l stems under elevated co sub 2 sub and salt stress
topic elevated CO<sub>2</sub>
embolism
hydraulic conductance
cotton
salt stress
xylem anatomy
url https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/298
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AT jinliangchen tradeoffsbetweenhydraulicefficiencyandsafetyincottonigossypiumhirsutumilstemsunderelevatedcosub2subandsaltstress
AT jiankang tradeoffsbetweenhydraulicefficiencyandsafetyincottonigossypiumhirsutumilstemsunderelevatedcosub2subandsaltstress
AT shaozhongkang tradeoffsbetweenhydraulicefficiencyandsafetyincottonigossypiumhirsutumilstemsunderelevatedcosub2subandsaltstress