Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents

The Warburg effect, a unique glycolytic phenomenon in cancer cells, presents a promising target for developing selective anticancer agents. Previously, <b>BH10</b>, a hit compound disrupting glycolytic metabolism, was identified via phenotypic screening, with Kelch-like ECH-associated pr...

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Main Authors: Yao Cheng, Tsz Tin Yu, Ellen M. Olzomer, Kyle L. Hoehn, Frances L. Byrne, Naresh Kumar, David StC Black
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1938
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author Yao Cheng
Tsz Tin Yu
Ellen M. Olzomer
Kyle L. Hoehn
Frances L. Byrne
Naresh Kumar
David StC Black
author_facet Yao Cheng
Tsz Tin Yu
Ellen M. Olzomer
Kyle L. Hoehn
Frances L. Byrne
Naresh Kumar
David StC Black
author_sort Yao Cheng
collection DOAJ
description The Warburg effect, a unique glycolytic phenomenon in cancer cells, presents a promising target for developing selective anticancer agents. Previously, <b>BH10</b>, a hit compound disrupting glycolytic metabolism, was identified via phenotypic screening, with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) proposed as a potential target. To enhance its potency and selectivity, a library of <b>BH10</b>-derived salt compounds was synthesized. Among these, <b>7b</b> exhibited nanomolar anticancer activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 22.97 nM) and a high selectivity ratio (IC<sub>50</sub> of non-cancerous cells/IC<sub>50</sub> of cancer cells = 41.43). Molecular docking revealed that all naphthoimidazole salt analogues (<b>7a</b>–<b>f</b>) bind to Keap1 via carbonyl-mediated interactions, with variations in hydrogen-bonding residues (e.g., VAL606, ILE559).
format Article
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issn 1420-3049
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publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher MDPI AG
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series Molecules
spelling doaj-art-9c37402a143d4683a6441583d92d8ffa2025-08-20T01:50:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01309193810.3390/molecules30091938Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer AgentsYao Cheng0Tsz Tin Yu1Ellen M. Olzomer2Kyle L. Hoehn3Frances L. Byrne4Naresh Kumar5David StC Black6School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaThe Warburg effect, a unique glycolytic phenomenon in cancer cells, presents a promising target for developing selective anticancer agents. Previously, <b>BH10</b>, a hit compound disrupting glycolytic metabolism, was identified via phenotypic screening, with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) proposed as a potential target. To enhance its potency and selectivity, a library of <b>BH10</b>-derived salt compounds was synthesized. Among these, <b>7b</b> exhibited nanomolar anticancer activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 22.97 nM) and a high selectivity ratio (IC<sub>50</sub> of non-cancerous cells/IC<sub>50</sub> of cancer cells = 41.43). Molecular docking revealed that all naphthoimidazole salt analogues (<b>7a</b>–<b>f</b>) bind to Keap1 via carbonyl-mediated interactions, with variations in hydrogen-bonding residues (e.g., VAL606, ILE559).https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1938naphthoimidazoleanticancerglycolysisselectivity
spellingShingle Yao Cheng
Tsz Tin Yu
Ellen M. Olzomer
Kyle L. Hoehn
Frances L. Byrne
Naresh Kumar
David StC Black
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
Molecules
naphthoimidazole
anticancer
glycolysis
selectivity
title Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
title_full Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
title_fullStr Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
title_full_unstemmed Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
title_short Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Naphthoquinone Salts as Anticancer Agents
title_sort design synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthoquinone salts as anticancer agents
topic naphthoimidazole
anticancer
glycolysis
selectivity
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1938
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