The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect

IntroductionThis study systematically analyzes the house-money effect, a phenomenon in which people become more financially risk-taking and wasteful after receiving unexpected income. It aims to identify the general tendencies and factors that influence this effect, because the results reported in p...

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Main Author: Kasumi Dan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549626/full
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author Kasumi Dan
author_facet Kasumi Dan
author_sort Kasumi Dan
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionThis study systematically analyzes the house-money effect, a phenomenon in which people become more financially risk-taking and wasteful after receiving unexpected income. It aims to identify the general tendencies and factors that influence this effect, because the results reported in previous studies are inconsistent.MethodA total of 36 eligible studies with 57 continuous and 18 binary outcome effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to pool the effect sizes.ResultsA low-to-moderate house-money effect (g = 0.37, rr = 1.33) was confirmed. However, high heterogeneity was observed, and the strength of the house-money effect varied widely, depending on the situation. The subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed several moderators. While a strong effect was observed in the controlled experimental environment, the effect was weakened when it was closer to a real-world environment. For continuous outcomes, the effect was particularly pronounced in students and Asian regions, and the effect size decreased as the publication year increased, suggesting the limited universality of the house-money effect. In the publication-bias analysis, a slight bias was detected using multiple methods.DiscussionThis suggests that the true effect size may be smaller, supporting the theory that the house-money effect is reproducible only under certain conditions.
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spelling doaj-art-9c2128d232fa4e048c7ebc45bc5b9ad52025-08-20T02:44:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-07-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.15496261549626The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effectKasumi DanIntroductionThis study systematically analyzes the house-money effect, a phenomenon in which people become more financially risk-taking and wasteful after receiving unexpected income. It aims to identify the general tendencies and factors that influence this effect, because the results reported in previous studies are inconsistent.MethodA total of 36 eligible studies with 57 continuous and 18 binary outcome effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to pool the effect sizes.ResultsA low-to-moderate house-money effect (g = 0.37, rr = 1.33) was confirmed. However, high heterogeneity was observed, and the strength of the house-money effect varied widely, depending on the situation. The subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed several moderators. While a strong effect was observed in the controlled experimental environment, the effect was weakened when it was closer to a real-world environment. For continuous outcomes, the effect was particularly pronounced in students and Asian regions, and the effect size decreased as the publication year increased, suggesting the limited universality of the house-money effect. In the publication-bias analysis, a slight bias was detected using multiple methods.DiscussionThis suggests that the true effect size may be smaller, supporting the theory that the house-money effect is reproducible only under certain conditions.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549626/fullmental accountinghouse-money effectwindfallrisk takingdecision makingsystematic review
spellingShingle Kasumi Dan
The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
Frontiers in Psychology
mental accounting
house-money effect
windfall
risk taking
decision making
systematic review
title The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
title_full The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
title_fullStr The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
title_full_unstemmed The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
title_short The role of mental accounting in risk-taking and spending: a meta-analysis of the house-money effect
title_sort role of mental accounting in risk taking and spending a meta analysis of the house money effect
topic mental accounting
house-money effect
windfall
risk taking
decision making
systematic review
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549626/full
work_keys_str_mv AT kasumidan theroleofmentalaccountinginrisktakingandspendingametaanalysisofthehousemoneyeffect
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