Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm
Green leafy vegetables such as arugula are rich in nitrates that support oral health, yet their effects on oral microbial balance, especially in smokers, remain unclear. This study evaluated the survival and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB; Veillonella spp. and Rothia spp.) in biofilm exp...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Dental Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdmed.2025.1545479/full |
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| author | Boy M. Bachtiar Boy M. Bachtiar Irene E. Rieuwpassa Heni Susilowati Retno Indrawati Citra F. Theodorea Citra F. Theodorea Turmidzi Fath Endang W. Bachtiar Endang W. Bachtiar |
| author_facet | Boy M. Bachtiar Boy M. Bachtiar Irene E. Rieuwpassa Heni Susilowati Retno Indrawati Citra F. Theodorea Citra F. Theodorea Turmidzi Fath Endang W. Bachtiar Endang W. Bachtiar |
| author_sort | Boy M. Bachtiar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Green leafy vegetables such as arugula are rich in nitrates that support oral health, yet their effects on oral microbial balance, especially in smokers, remain unclear. This study evaluated the survival and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB; Veillonella spp. and Rothia spp.) in biofilm exposed to nitrate-containing arugula juice (3.25 or 6.25 μM). The proportions of NRB were compared with periodontopathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum). Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we assessed bacterial survival and transcription of nitrate reductase genes (narG and napA) in biofilm from smokers and non-smokers. The results revealed that nitrate-containing arugula juice increased NRB bacteria abundance while reducing periodontopathogen growth. A higher level of nitrate (6.25 μM) increased nitrate reductase expression. Prolonged exposure (9 h) sustained the growth-promoting effect on Rothia spp. These results suggest that non-smokers have more nitrate-reducing bacteria in their biofilm, which promotes oral microbial balance. Thus, smokers might be advised to consume nitrate-containing arugula juice to promote NRB, which may have health benefits. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9c08db792dd14828b6f41a6783dba885 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2673-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Dental Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-9c08db792dd14828b6f41a6783dba8852025-08-20T02:16:12ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Dental Medicine2673-49152025-05-01610.3389/fdmed.2025.15454791545479Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilmBoy M. Bachtiar0Boy M. Bachtiar1Irene E. Rieuwpassa2Heni Susilowati3Retno Indrawati4Citra F. Theodorea5Citra F. Theodorea6Turmidzi Fath7Endang W. Bachtiar8Endang W. Bachtiar9Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaOral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, IndonesiaDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yokyakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Oral Biology, Dental Medicine Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaOral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaOral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaOral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaGreen leafy vegetables such as arugula are rich in nitrates that support oral health, yet their effects on oral microbial balance, especially in smokers, remain unclear. This study evaluated the survival and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB; Veillonella spp. and Rothia spp.) in biofilm exposed to nitrate-containing arugula juice (3.25 or 6.25 μM). The proportions of NRB were compared with periodontopathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum). Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we assessed bacterial survival and transcription of nitrate reductase genes (narG and napA) in biofilm from smokers and non-smokers. The results revealed that nitrate-containing arugula juice increased NRB bacteria abundance while reducing periodontopathogen growth. A higher level of nitrate (6.25 μM) increased nitrate reductase expression. Prolonged exposure (9 h) sustained the growth-promoting effect on Rothia spp. These results suggest that non-smokers have more nitrate-reducing bacteria in their biofilm, which promotes oral microbial balance. Thus, smokers might be advised to consume nitrate-containing arugula juice to promote NRB, which may have health benefits.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdmed.2025.1545479/fullarugulabiofilmnitrate-reducing bacteriaperiodontopathogensnitrate-associated genes |
| spellingShingle | Boy M. Bachtiar Boy M. Bachtiar Irene E. Rieuwpassa Heni Susilowati Retno Indrawati Citra F. Theodorea Citra F. Theodorea Turmidzi Fath Endang W. Bachtiar Endang W. Bachtiar Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm Frontiers in Dental Medicine arugula biofilm nitrate-reducing bacteria periodontopathogens nitrate-associated genes |
| title | Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm |
| title_full | Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm |
| title_fullStr | Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm |
| title_short | Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers’ biofilm |
| title_sort | influence of nitrate containing arugula juice on nitrate reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers biofilm |
| topic | arugula biofilm nitrate-reducing bacteria periodontopathogens nitrate-associated genes |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdmed.2025.1545479/full |
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