Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering
Abstract Ductile iron is typically used in as-cast conditions. However, a typical heat treatment applied to ductile iron is austempering, which allows for increased tensile strength with good levels of elongation and toughness. The traditional means of austempering involves molten salt baths, but th...
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Fundação Gorceix
2025-02-01
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| Series: | REM: International Engineering Journal |
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| author | Leonardo Pereira Willian Martins Pasini Vinicius Karlinski de Barcellos |
| author_facet | Leonardo Pereira Willian Martins Pasini Vinicius Karlinski de Barcellos |
| author_sort | Leonardo Pereira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Ductile iron is typically used in as-cast conditions. However, a typical heat treatment applied to ductile iron is austempering, which allows for increased tensile strength with good levels of elongation and toughness. The traditional means of austempering involves molten salt baths, but these baths have environmental and operational restrictions. Laboratory-level studies have found the feasibility of using heated air for cooling and holding during austempering. Due to the lower cooling severity of heated air, it is necessary to increase the austemperability of ductile iron. Elements that contribute to austemperability are manganese, copper, molybdenum, and nickel. This study used numerical, thermodynamics, and kinetics simulation to develop a suitable ductile iron alloy for obtaining ADI in a standard ASTM test specimen using heated air for cooling. According to the numerical simulation results, the average cooling rate between 900°C and 500°C in the critical region for air velocities of 5 m/s and 10 m/s at a temperature of 280°C ranged from 75°C/min to 82°C/min. Through thermodynamic and kinetic simulation, nickel has the most significant capacity to alter the austemperability of ductile iron. Based on these results, six ductile iron alloys with nickel contents ranging from 0.2 to 2% were developed. The experimental cooling rate is approximately 70°C/min, with the 3.41C, 2.72Si, 1.01Cu, 0.31Mn, 0.18Mo, and 1.13Ni alloy suitable for obtaining ADI. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9bfc2dfcee8742328fde246f72d50b29 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2448-167X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Fundação Gorceix |
| record_format | Article |
| series | REM: International Engineering Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-9bfc2dfcee8742328fde246f72d50b292025-08-20T02:15:34ZengFundação GorceixREM: International Engineering Journal2448-167X2025-02-0178spe110.1590/0370-44672023780151Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austemperingLeonardo Pereirahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-3415Willian Martins Pasinihttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-2342Vinicius Karlinski de Barcelloshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-790XAbstract Ductile iron is typically used in as-cast conditions. However, a typical heat treatment applied to ductile iron is austempering, which allows for increased tensile strength with good levels of elongation and toughness. The traditional means of austempering involves molten salt baths, but these baths have environmental and operational restrictions. Laboratory-level studies have found the feasibility of using heated air for cooling and holding during austempering. Due to the lower cooling severity of heated air, it is necessary to increase the austemperability of ductile iron. Elements that contribute to austemperability are manganese, copper, molybdenum, and nickel. This study used numerical, thermodynamics, and kinetics simulation to develop a suitable ductile iron alloy for obtaining ADI in a standard ASTM test specimen using heated air for cooling. According to the numerical simulation results, the average cooling rate between 900°C and 500°C in the critical region for air velocities of 5 m/s and 10 m/s at a temperature of 280°C ranged from 75°C/min to 82°C/min. Through thermodynamic and kinetic simulation, nickel has the most significant capacity to alter the austemperability of ductile iron. Based on these results, six ductile iron alloys with nickel contents ranging from 0.2 to 2% were developed. The experimental cooling rate is approximately 70°C/min, with the 3.41C, 2.72Si, 1.01Cu, 0.31Mn, 0.18Mo, and 1.13Ni alloy suitable for obtaining ADI.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2025001001102&lng=en&tlng=enADIaustemperingaustempered ductile ironspheroidal graphite cast iron |
| spellingShingle | Leonardo Pereira Willian Martins Pasini Vinicius Karlinski de Barcellos Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering REM: International Engineering Journal ADI austempering austempered ductile iron spheroidal graphite cast iron |
| title | Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering |
| title_full | Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering |
| title_fullStr | Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering |
| title_short | Development of ductile iron alloy for ADI production using heated air in austempering |
| title_sort | development of ductile iron alloy for adi production using heated air in austempering |
| topic | ADI austempering austempered ductile iron spheroidal graphite cast iron |
| url | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2025001001102&lng=en&tlng=en |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leonardopereira developmentofductileironalloyforadiproductionusingheatedairinaustempering AT willianmartinspasini developmentofductileironalloyforadiproductionusingheatedairinaustempering AT viniciuskarlinskidebarcellos developmentofductileironalloyforadiproductionusingheatedairinaustempering |