Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis
Chlorine in seawater is toxic to bivalves. This study explored the long-term effects of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L chlorine on the survival rate, growth, immune, and antioxidant performance of the Cyclina sinensis. After 30 days, neither the 20 mg/L nor 40 mg/L treatment group demonstrated any si...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1603510/full |
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| author | Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Guoliang Ren Guoliang Ren Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong |
| author_facet | Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Guoliang Ren Guoliang Ren Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong |
| author_sort | Chaohua Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chlorine in seawater is toxic to bivalves. This study explored the long-term effects of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L chlorine on the survival rate, growth, immune, and antioxidant performance of the Cyclina sinensis. After 30 days, neither the 20 mg/L nor 40 mg/L treatment group demonstrated any significant disparity compared with the control group. Nevertheless, significant mortality rates were subsequently observed in all treatment groups. The weight, shell length, and monthly growth rate of C. sinensis in the 60 mg/L group were significantly lower than in the control group (P <0.05). Residual chlorine also triggered the antioxidant stress response mechanism. After 90 days, a significant increase occurred in both the total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase (P <0.05). Chlorine toxicity caused an immune response in the nonspecific immune system of C. sinensis, with alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities significantly increasing at 30 days and then significantly decreasing (P <0.05). Lysozyme activity also showed a continuous decline after 30 days. These results indicated that C. sinensis was unable to adapt to long-term chlorine toxicity stress but was able to resist chlorine toxicity for a short period (30 days) only when the chlorine concentration was <40 mg/L. Long-term chlorine exposure damaged the immune system of C. sinensis, inhibiting growth and increasing clam mortality. Therefore, in areas where chlorine is used as a disinfectant, the residual chlorine concentration should be tested in the water every 30 days to prevent harm to bivalves caused by long-term chlorine toxicity stress. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9bf5eb215ef0466eabd9f5a7bca42f61 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-9bf5eb215ef0466eabd9f5a7bca42f612025-08-20T03:24:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452025-06-011210.3389/fmars.2025.16035101603510Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensisChaohua Wang0Chaohua Wang1Chaohua Wang2Guoliang Ren3Guoliang Ren4Shiyu Yan5Shiyu Yan6Shiyu Yan7Guolong Zhou8Guolong Zhou9Guolong Zhou10Zhengyi Li11Zhengyi Li12Zhengyi Li13Yihua Chen14Yihua Chen15Yihua Chen16Yihua Chen17Zhiguo Dong18Zhiguo Dong19Zhiguo Dong20Zhiguo Dong21Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaAffair Center of Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture in XiangXi Autonomous Prefecture, Jishou, Hunan, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaCo-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, ChinaChlorine in seawater is toxic to bivalves. This study explored the long-term effects of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 60 mg/L chlorine on the survival rate, growth, immune, and antioxidant performance of the Cyclina sinensis. After 30 days, neither the 20 mg/L nor 40 mg/L treatment group demonstrated any significant disparity compared with the control group. Nevertheless, significant mortality rates were subsequently observed in all treatment groups. The weight, shell length, and monthly growth rate of C. sinensis in the 60 mg/L group were significantly lower than in the control group (P <0.05). Residual chlorine also triggered the antioxidant stress response mechanism. After 90 days, a significant increase occurred in both the total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase (P <0.05). Chlorine toxicity caused an immune response in the nonspecific immune system of C. sinensis, with alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities significantly increasing at 30 days and then significantly decreasing (P <0.05). Lysozyme activity also showed a continuous decline after 30 days. These results indicated that C. sinensis was unable to adapt to long-term chlorine toxicity stress but was able to resist chlorine toxicity for a short period (30 days) only when the chlorine concentration was <40 mg/L. Long-term chlorine exposure damaged the immune system of C. sinensis, inhibiting growth and increasing clam mortality. Therefore, in areas where chlorine is used as a disinfectant, the residual chlorine concentration should be tested in the water every 30 days to prevent harm to bivalves caused by long-term chlorine toxicity stress.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1603510/fullCyclina sinensischlorinelong-term stressantioxidant performancenonspecific immunity |
| spellingShingle | Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Chaohua Wang Guoliang Ren Guoliang Ren Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Shiyu Yan Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Guolong Zhou Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Zhengyi Li Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Yihua Chen Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Zhiguo Dong Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis Frontiers in Marine Science Cyclina sinensis chlorine long-term stress antioxidant performance nonspecific immunity |
| title | Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis |
| title_full | Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis |
| title_fullStr | Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis |
| title_short | Long-term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of Cyclina sinensis |
| title_sort | long term effects of chlorine stress on the growth and biochemical indices of cyclina sinensis |
| topic | Cyclina sinensis chlorine long-term stress antioxidant performance nonspecific immunity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1603510/full |
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