Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring provides essential information for managing acute heart failure (AHF) and cardiogenic shock (CS) patients, aiding circulatory shock phenotyping and in individualized and hemodynamically-based therapeutic management. The hemodynamic trajectory after the initial care bu...

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Main Authors: Luca Baldetti, Marcello Cosenza, Carmine Galdieri, Guglielmo Gallone, Gianluca Ricchetti, Carlo Gaspardone, Beatrice Peveri, Mario Gramegna, Lorenzo Cianfanelli, Francesco Calvo, Vittorio Pazzanese, Marina Pieri, Stefania Sacchi, Silvia Ajello, Anna Mara Scandroglio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IMR Press 2025-06-01
Series:Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/6/10.31083/RCM27034
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author Luca Baldetti
Marcello Cosenza
Carmine Galdieri
Guglielmo Gallone
Gianluca Ricchetti
Carlo Gaspardone
Beatrice Peveri
Mario Gramegna
Lorenzo Cianfanelli
Francesco Calvo
Vittorio Pazzanese
Marina Pieri
Stefania Sacchi
Silvia Ajello
Anna Mara Scandroglio
author_facet Luca Baldetti
Marcello Cosenza
Carmine Galdieri
Guglielmo Gallone
Gianluca Ricchetti
Carlo Gaspardone
Beatrice Peveri
Mario Gramegna
Lorenzo Cianfanelli
Francesco Calvo
Vittorio Pazzanese
Marina Pieri
Stefania Sacchi
Silvia Ajello
Anna Mara Scandroglio
author_sort Luca Baldetti
collection DOAJ
description Invasive hemodynamic monitoring provides essential information for managing acute heart failure (AHF) and cardiogenic shock (CS) patients, aiding circulatory shock phenotyping and in individualized and hemodynamically-based therapeutic management. The hemodynamic trajectory after the initial care bundle has been provided refines prognostication and anticipates hospital outcomes. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring also tracks the clinical response to supportive measures, providing objective background for therapeutic escalation/de-escalation, facilitating titration of vasoactive/temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) to achieve an optimal balance between native heart function and device assistance, and allowing for a repeated reassessment of hemodynamics during the support weaning phase. Therefore, complete hemodynamic assessment (i.e., arterial line, central venous catheter, and pulmonary artery catheter) is recommended for any patient in overt CS; however, we also provide some pragmatic clinical, imaging, and laboratory criteria to identify patients with beginning stages of CS, which could also benefit from complete invasive hemodynamic assessment. The specific hemodynamic phenotypes that can be applied in clinical practice and case-based examples of how the invasive hemodynamic phenotype can change following therapeutic actions are presented to provide pragmatic guidance on invasive hemodynamic monitoring. This review also aims to summarize the available monitoring technologies, describing the current limitations of each one and the perspective for future developments in the era of artificial intelligence. The gaps in evidence that still characterize pulmonary catheter use, i.e., lack of a robust positive randomized clinical trial in CS, are discussed, along with the wide background of non-randomized studies currently supporting its use in the CS field. The reappraisal of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, closely linked to the advent and increasing adoption of tMCS, sets the stage for greater adoption of this clinical tool in the future, as it remains a fundamental tool for the intensive care cardiologist.
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spelling doaj-art-9bb2c7e09b784e938c2f2c150194e4012025-08-20T03:28:58ZengIMR PressReviews in Cardiovascular Medicine1530-65502025-06-012662703410.31083/RCM27034S1530-6550(25)01782-XInvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic ShockLuca Baldetti0Marcello Cosenza1Carmine Galdieri2Guglielmo Gallone3Gianluca Ricchetti4Carlo Gaspardone5Beatrice Peveri6Mario Gramegna7Lorenzo Cianfanelli8Francesco Calvo9Vittorio Pazzanese10Marina Pieri11Stefania Sacchi12Silvia Ajello13Anna Mara Scandroglio14Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCittà della Salute e della Scienza, Ospedale Molinette, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyCardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, ItalyInvasive hemodynamic monitoring provides essential information for managing acute heart failure (AHF) and cardiogenic shock (CS) patients, aiding circulatory shock phenotyping and in individualized and hemodynamically-based therapeutic management. The hemodynamic trajectory after the initial care bundle has been provided refines prognostication and anticipates hospital outcomes. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring also tracks the clinical response to supportive measures, providing objective background for therapeutic escalation/de-escalation, facilitating titration of vasoactive/temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) to achieve an optimal balance between native heart function and device assistance, and allowing for a repeated reassessment of hemodynamics during the support weaning phase. Therefore, complete hemodynamic assessment (i.e., arterial line, central venous catheter, and pulmonary artery catheter) is recommended for any patient in overt CS; however, we also provide some pragmatic clinical, imaging, and laboratory criteria to identify patients with beginning stages of CS, which could also benefit from complete invasive hemodynamic assessment. The specific hemodynamic phenotypes that can be applied in clinical practice and case-based examples of how the invasive hemodynamic phenotype can change following therapeutic actions are presented to provide pragmatic guidance on invasive hemodynamic monitoring. This review also aims to summarize the available monitoring technologies, describing the current limitations of each one and the perspective for future developments in the era of artificial intelligence. The gaps in evidence that still characterize pulmonary catheter use, i.e., lack of a robust positive randomized clinical trial in CS, are discussed, along with the wide background of non-randomized studies currently supporting its use in the CS field. The reappraisal of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, closely linked to the advent and increasing adoption of tMCS, sets the stage for greater adoption of this clinical tool in the future, as it remains a fundamental tool for the intensive care cardiologist.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/6/10.31083/RCM27034acute heart failurehemodynamic monitoringpulmonary artery cathetercardiogenic shockhemodynamicsright heart catheterizationmechanical circulatory supportintensive care
spellingShingle Luca Baldetti
Marcello Cosenza
Carmine Galdieri
Guglielmo Gallone
Gianluca Ricchetti
Carlo Gaspardone
Beatrice Peveri
Mario Gramegna
Lorenzo Cianfanelli
Francesco Calvo
Vittorio Pazzanese
Marina Pieri
Stefania Sacchi
Silvia Ajello
Anna Mara Scandroglio
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
acute heart failure
hemodynamic monitoring
pulmonary artery catheter
cardiogenic shock
hemodynamics
right heart catheterization
mechanical circulatory support
intensive care
title Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
title_full Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
title_fullStr Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
title_full_unstemmed Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
title_short Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
title_sort invasive hemodynamic monitoring in acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock
topic acute heart failure
hemodynamic monitoring
pulmonary artery catheter
cardiogenic shock
hemodynamics
right heart catheterization
mechanical circulatory support
intensive care
url https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/6/10.31083/RCM27034
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