Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study

Abstract Background Because health professionals can end up being first responders to a mass casualty incident, they must train to improve preparedness and increase the preconditions of victim outcomes. Training and learning on how to handle a mass casualty incident is traditionally based on reading...

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Main Authors: Sara Heldring, Maria Jirwe, Jonas Wihlborg, Veronica Lindström
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:BMC Medical Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07319-z
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author Sara Heldring
Maria Jirwe
Jonas Wihlborg
Veronica Lindström
author_facet Sara Heldring
Maria Jirwe
Jonas Wihlborg
Veronica Lindström
author_sort Sara Heldring
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Because health professionals can end up being first responders to a mass casualty incident, they must train to improve preparedness and increase the preconditions of victim outcomes. Training and learning on how to handle a mass casualty incident is traditionally based on reading, lectures, training through computer-based scenarios, or sometimes through live simulations. Professionals should practice in realistic environments to narrow the theory–practice gap, and the possibility of repeating the training is important for learning. Virtual reality is a promising tool for realistic and repeatable simulation training, but it needs further evaluation. This study aimed to describe the acceptability and applicability of using VR for training in mass casualty incidents. Methods A mixed-methods evaluation design was used, where the qualitative and quantitative findings were embedded into the discussion with a realist inquiry approach. A virtual reality simulation with mass casualty incident scenarios, named GoSaveThem ( www.crash.nu ), was used, and the participants were directed to perform triage. After the simulation, the participants filled in a questionnaire with open-ended questions and ratings on technical aspects, learning experiences, and improvement of preparedness. Eleven of the participants underwent interviews. The qualitative data was analyzed either summarily or with a conventional content analysis. Data were extracted from computer recordings of how long it took for each participant to triage the first 10 victims and to what extent the triage for the first 10 victims was correct. Descriptive statistical analyses were done, and a comparison was made to see if there were any differences between age, sex, educational background, and previous experiences that affected the outcome of triaging. Results Training with virtual reality enables repeatable and realistic simulation training of mass casualty incidents. The participants expressed motivation to repeat the training and experience expanded virtual reality scenarios. This study shows that the acceptability and applicability of using VR for training MCIs were high overall in all examined dimensions for most users, with some exceptions.
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spelling doaj-art-9ba4993d5e8a4709bd8c2e9bb8f9790c2025-08-20T03:48:18ZengBMCBMC Medical Education1472-69202025-05-0125111210.1186/s12909-025-07319-zAcceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method studySara Heldring0Maria Jirwe1Jonas Wihlborg2Veronica Lindström3Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet UniversityDepartment of Health Sciences, Swedish Red Cross UniversitySchool of Health and Welfare, Dalarna UniversityDepartment of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet UniversityAbstract Background Because health professionals can end up being first responders to a mass casualty incident, they must train to improve preparedness and increase the preconditions of victim outcomes. Training and learning on how to handle a mass casualty incident is traditionally based on reading, lectures, training through computer-based scenarios, or sometimes through live simulations. Professionals should practice in realistic environments to narrow the theory–practice gap, and the possibility of repeating the training is important for learning. Virtual reality is a promising tool for realistic and repeatable simulation training, but it needs further evaluation. This study aimed to describe the acceptability and applicability of using VR for training in mass casualty incidents. Methods A mixed-methods evaluation design was used, where the qualitative and quantitative findings were embedded into the discussion with a realist inquiry approach. A virtual reality simulation with mass casualty incident scenarios, named GoSaveThem ( www.crash.nu ), was used, and the participants were directed to perform triage. After the simulation, the participants filled in a questionnaire with open-ended questions and ratings on technical aspects, learning experiences, and improvement of preparedness. Eleven of the participants underwent interviews. The qualitative data was analyzed either summarily or with a conventional content analysis. Data were extracted from computer recordings of how long it took for each participant to triage the first 10 victims and to what extent the triage for the first 10 victims was correct. Descriptive statistical analyses were done, and a comparison was made to see if there were any differences between age, sex, educational background, and previous experiences that affected the outcome of triaging. Results Training with virtual reality enables repeatable and realistic simulation training of mass casualty incidents. The participants expressed motivation to repeat the training and experience expanded virtual reality scenarios. This study shows that the acceptability and applicability of using VR for training MCIs were high overall in all examined dimensions for most users, with some exceptions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07319-zCritical RealismFirst RespondersMass Casualty IncidentMixed MethodsRealist InquirySimulation Training
spellingShingle Sara Heldring
Maria Jirwe
Jonas Wihlborg
Veronica Lindström
Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
BMC Medical Education
Critical Realism
First Responders
Mass Casualty Incident
Mixed Methods
Realist Inquiry
Simulation Training
title Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
title_full Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
title_fullStr Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
title_full_unstemmed Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
title_short Acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents- a mixed method study
title_sort acceptability and applicability of using virtual reality for training mass casualty incidents a mixed method study
topic Critical Realism
First Responders
Mass Casualty Incident
Mixed Methods
Realist Inquiry
Simulation Training
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07319-z
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