Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth

This study explored the association between bullying and cyberbullying, both in victims and bullies, and motivational beliefs toward learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1690 Spanish students, assessing motivational beliefs through the Motivated Strategies f...

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Main Authors: Jose Luis Solas-Martínez, Rubén Roldán-Roldán, María de las Nieves Moyano-Muñoz, Emilio J. Martínez-López
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2254-9625/15/6/93
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author Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Rubén Roldán-Roldán
María de las Nieves Moyano-Muñoz
Emilio J. Martínez-López
author_facet Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Rubén Roldán-Roldán
María de las Nieves Moyano-Muñoz
Emilio J. Martínez-López
author_sort Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
collection DOAJ
description This study explored the association between bullying and cyberbullying, both in victims and bullies, and motivational beliefs toward learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1690 Spanish students, assessing motivational beliefs through the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and involvement in bullying using the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q). The results showed that both victims and bullies had lower task value, self-efficacy, and control beliefs, along with higher test anxiety, with cyberbullying having a stronger impact. Victims of cyberbullying exhibited significantly lower task value (up to 9.2% in girls and 5.6% in boys) and had a 4.5- and 2.2-times higher risk of scoring low in this dimension. Among bullies, only girls involved in traditional bullying showed motivational deficits, whereas both male and female cyberbullies had task value scores up to 9.5% lower and were 1.5 to 1.6 times more likely to experience test anxiety. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to reinforce motivational beliefs in victims and bullies, recommending collaborative programs between students, teachers, and families to enhance task value, control beliefs, and self-efficacy while addressing test anxiety.
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spelling doaj-art-9b2a2d34baaf497d87f07c9bd37ad8de2025-08-20T02:24:34ZengMDPI AGEuropean Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education2174-81442254-96252025-05-011569310.3390/ejihpe15060093Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in YouthJose Luis Solas-Martínez0Rubén Roldán-Roldán1María de las Nieves Moyano-Muñoz2Emilio J. Martínez-López3Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainDepartment of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainDepartment of Psychology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainDepartment of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainThis study explored the association between bullying and cyberbullying, both in victims and bullies, and motivational beliefs toward learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1690 Spanish students, assessing motivational beliefs through the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and involvement in bullying using the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q). The results showed that both victims and bullies had lower task value, self-efficacy, and control beliefs, along with higher test anxiety, with cyberbullying having a stronger impact. Victims of cyberbullying exhibited significantly lower task value (up to 9.2% in girls and 5.6% in boys) and had a 4.5- and 2.2-times higher risk of scoring low in this dimension. Among bullies, only girls involved in traditional bullying showed motivational deficits, whereas both male and female cyberbullies had task value scores up to 9.5% lower and were 1.5 to 1.6 times more likely to experience test anxiety. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to reinforce motivational beliefs in victims and bullies, recommending collaborative programs between students, teachers, and families to enhance task value, control beliefs, and self-efficacy while addressing test anxiety.https://www.mdpi.com/2254-9625/15/6/93aggressorsgender differencesmotivational beliefstest anxietyvictims
spellingShingle Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Rubén Roldán-Roldán
María de las Nieves Moyano-Muñoz
Emilio J. Martínez-López
Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
aggressors
gender differences
motivational beliefs
test anxiety
victims
title Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
title_full Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
title_fullStr Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
title_full_unstemmed Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
title_short Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels of Motivational Beliefs Toward Learning in Youth
title_sort bullying and cyberbullying are associated with low levels of motivational beliefs toward learning in youth
topic aggressors
gender differences
motivational beliefs
test anxiety
victims
url https://www.mdpi.com/2254-9625/15/6/93
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