Prevalence of Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Utility of Diabetes Antibody Testing in the Indian Population: A Retrospective Study of 3 Years
Background: Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes is rising at 2–3% per year and contributes to almost 90% of juvenile diabetes and 10% of adult-onset diabetes. The presence of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), insulin antibodies (IA-2), islet cell antibodies, insulin...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.ijmb.in/doi/IJMB/pdf/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0222 |
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| Summary: | Background: Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes is rising at 2–3% per year and contributes to almost 90% of juvenile diabetes and 10% of adult-onset diabetes. The presence of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), insulin antibodies (IA-2), islet cell antibodies, insulin antibodies, and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) indicates autoimmune destruction of beta cells and thus has the highest predictive value for type 1 diabetes. The risk of developing diabetes is also higher when an individual exhibits more than one antibody. Our study aimed to compare the predictive value of diabetes positivity for a specific type of autoantibody.
Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Global Reference Lab in Mumbai over a period of 3 years (from January 2020 to July 2023) on patients and children undergoing testing for diabetes type 1 profile. Data were analyzed based on age, gender, and antibody positivity.
Results: Out of the 547 patients tested, 41.68% were female, and 58.32% were male. The positivity rate for the type 1 diabetes profile was 53.75%. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 antibodies were detected in 45.16% of patients, followed by IA2 insulin in 15.17% of patients. 48.68% of females were positive for GAD-65 compared to 42.63% positivity in males. The prevalence of GAD-65 positivity was higher in children up to 12 years of age, at 58.86%, followed by 43.50% positivity among the 19–30 years age group.
Conclusion: Our study found that more than half of the individuals (53.75%) who underwent testing, exhibited type 1 diabetes antibodies. GAD-65 positivity rates were higher in females compared to males.
Clinical significance: The study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and significance of type 1 diabetes antibodies in the Indian population, offering a foundation for targeted strategies in diabetes prevention and management. |
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| ISSN: | 0972-1207 2456-5164 |